ka- -an

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Kangean

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Circumfix

ka- -an

  1. -ness; appended to adjectives to form abstract nouns meaning "the state of (the adjective)", "the quality of (the adjective)", or "the measure of (the adjective)".
    kabecekankindness
    kakarepaneagerness
    kaleburanloveliness
    kanyamananpalatableness
  2. -ship; appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union.
    kasaraanhardship
  3. -ity; Used to form a noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.
    kalemponganperplexity
  4. Forming nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.
    kadipatenanduchy

Etymology 2

Circumfix

ka- -an

  1. -ed; to suffer or to get of noun or verb bases.
    takok (fright) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katakokan (frightened)
    tagersok (shock) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katagersokan (shocked)

Etymology 3

Circumfix

ka- -an

  1. (usually colloquial) adjective forming for very or exceed, affixed into adjective, adverb, or noun.
    raje (huge) + ‎ka- -an → ‎karajean (too big)
    dumik (small) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kadumikan (too small)
    seang (midday) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaseangan (too late; overslept)

Tagalog

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an (compare Malay ke- -an).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ka an/,
  • Hyphenation: ka- -an

Circumfix

ka- -an (Baybayin spelling ᜃ ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔)

  1. used to form abstract nouns
    payapa (peaceful) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kapayapaan (peace)
    malay (awareness) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kamalayan (consciousness)
  2. used to form nouns indicating a larger location
    gubat (woods) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagubatan (forest)
    dagat (sea) + ‎ka- -an → ‎karagatan (ocean)
  3. used to form proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place
    Tagalog (Tagalog) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Katagalugan (Tagalog area)
    Bisaya (Visayan) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kabisayaan (Visayas; Visayan area)
    Maynila (Manila) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kamaynilaan (Metro Manila; Manila area)
  4. used to form words meaning “one who receives or (-an) from someone (ka-)”
    ibig (love) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaibigan (friend; person who receives love from someone; lover)
    halik (kiss) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kahalikan (person who receives kisses from someone; kissing-mate)

Usage notes

  • Normally, /h/ is inserted before -an when the root word ends with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/.
    saya + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasiyahan
    dami + ‎ka- -an → ‎karamihan
    gusto + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagustuhan
    bihasa + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabihasnan
  • Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -an or after ka-.
    baliktad + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabaliktaran
    lunod + ‎ka- -an → ‎kanluran
    gawad + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagawaran
    dami + ‎ka- -an → ‎karamihan
    dangal + ‎ka- -an → ‎karangalan
    danas + ‎ka- -an → ‎karanasan
  • Sense 4: The ka- prefix has a stress while the stress of the root shifts syllables to the right. For roots with stress on the last syllable, the stress goes to -an.

Derived terms