From Proto-Finnic *kaivadak, from Proto-Uralic *kajwa-.[1] Related to Moksha кайме (kajme, “shovel”) and Erzya койме (kojme, “shovel”).
kaivaa
Inflection of kaivaa (Kotus type 56/kaivaa, no gradation) | |||||||||||||||||||||
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indicative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present tense | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kaivan | en kaiva | 1st sing. | olen kaivanut | en ole kaivanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaivat | et kaiva | 2nd sing. | olet kaivanut | et ole kaivanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaivaa | ei kaiva | 3rd sing. | on kaivanut | ei ole kaivanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaivamme | emme kaiva | 1st plur. | olemme kaivaneet | emme ole kaivaneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaivatte | ette kaiva | 2nd plur. | olette kaivaneet | ette ole kaivaneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaivavat | eivät kaiva | 3rd plur. | ovat kaivaneet | eivät ole kaivaneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaivetaan | ei kaiveta | passive | on kaivettu | ei ole kaivettu | ||||||||||||||||
past tense | pluperfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kaivoin | en kaivanut | 1st sing. | olin kaivanut | en ollut kaivanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaivoit | et kaivanut | 2nd sing. | olit kaivanut | et ollut kaivanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaivoi | ei kaivanut | 3rd sing. | oli kaivanut | ei ollut kaivanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaivoimme | emme kaivaneet | 1st plur. | olimme kaivaneet | emme olleet kaivaneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaivoitte | ette kaivaneet | 2nd plur. | olitte kaivaneet | ette olleet kaivaneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaivoivat | eivät kaivaneet | 3rd plur. | olivat kaivaneet | eivät olleet kaivaneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaivettiin | ei kaivettu | passive | oli kaivettu | ei ollut kaivettu | ||||||||||||||||
conditional mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kaivaisin | en kaivaisi | 1st sing. | olisin kaivanut | en olisi kaivanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaivaisit | et kaivaisi | 2nd sing. | olisit kaivanut | et olisi kaivanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaivaisi | ei kaivaisi | 3rd sing. | olisi kaivanut | ei olisi kaivanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaivaisimme | emme kaivaisi | 1st plur. | olisimme kaivaneet | emme olisi kaivaneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaivaisitte | ette kaivaisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte kaivaneet | ette olisi kaivaneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaivaisivat | eivät kaivaisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat kaivaneet | eivät olisi kaivaneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaivettaisiin | ei kaivettaisi | passive | olisi kaivettu | ei olisi kaivettu | ||||||||||||||||
imperative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaiva | älä kaiva | 2nd sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaivakoon | älköön kaivako | 3rd sing. | olkoon kaivanut | älköön olko kaivanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaivakaamme | älkäämme kaivako | 1st plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaivakaa | älkää kaivako | 2nd plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaivakoot | älkööt kaivako | 3rd plur. | olkoot kaivaneet | älkööt olko kaivaneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaivettakoon | älköön kaivettako | passive | olkoon kaivettu | älköön olko kaivettu | ||||||||||||||||
potential mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kaivanen | en kaivane | 1st sing. | lienen kaivanut | en liene kaivanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kaivanet | et kaivane | 2nd sing. | lienet kaivanut | et liene kaivanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kaivanee | ei kaivane | 3rd sing. | lienee kaivanut | ei liene kaivanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kaivanemme | emme kaivane | 1st plur. | lienemme kaivaneet | emme liene kaivaneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kaivanette | ette kaivane | 2nd plur. | lienette kaivaneet | ette liene kaivaneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kaivanevat | eivät kaivane | 3rd plur. | lienevät kaivaneet | eivät liene kaivaneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kaivettaneen | ei kaivettane | passive | lienee kaivettu | ei liene kaivettu | ||||||||||||||||
Nominal forms | |||||||||||||||||||||
infinitives | participles | ||||||||||||||||||||
active | passive | active | passive | ||||||||||||||||||
1st | kaivaa | present | kaivava | kaivettava | |||||||||||||||||
long 1st1 |
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past | kaivanut | kaivettu | |||||||||||||||||
2nd | inessive2 | kaivaessa | kaivettaessa | agent4 | kaivama | ||||||||||||||||
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negative | kaivamaton | |||||||||||||||||||
instructive | kaivaen | — | 1) Used only with a possessive suffix.
2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only). unlike the first infinitive (the lemma form), even though they are spelled identically. | ||||||||||||||||||
3rd | inessive | kaivamassa | — | ||||||||||||||||||
elative | kaivamasta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
illative | kaivamaan | — | |||||||||||||||||||
adessive | kaivamalla | — | |||||||||||||||||||
abessive | kaivamatta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
instructive | kaivaman | kaivettaman | |||||||||||||||||||
4th3 | verbal noun | kaivaminen | |||||||||||||||||||
5th1 |
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From Proto-Finnic *kaivadak. Cognates include Finnish kaivaa and Estonian kaevata.
kaivaa
Conjugation of kaivaa (type 4/antaa, no gradation) | |||||
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Indikativa | |||||
Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | kaivan | en kaiva | 1st singular | oon kaivant, oon kaivanut | en oo kaivant, en oo kaivanut |
2nd singular | kaivat | et kaiva | 2nd singular | oot kaivant, oot kaivanut | et oo kaivant, et oo kaivanut |
3rd singular | kaivaa | ei kaiva | 3rd singular | ono kaivant, ono kaivanut | ei oo kaivant, ei oo kaivanut |
1st plural | kaivamma | emmä kaiva | 1st plural | oomma kaivaneet | emmä oo kaivaneet |
2nd plural | kaivatta | että kaiva | 2nd plural | ootta kaivaneet | että oo kaivaneet |
3rd plural | kaivaat1), kaivavat2), kaivetaa | evät kaiva, ei kaiveta | 3rd plural | ovat kaivaneet | evät oo kaivaneet, ei oo kaivettu |
impersonal | kaivetaa | ei kaiveta | impersonal | ono kaivettu | ei oo kaivettu |
Imperfekta | Pluskvamperfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | kaivoin | en kaivant, en kaivanut | 1st singular | olin kaivant, olin kaivanut | en olt kaivant, en olt kaivanut |
2nd singular | kaivoit | et kaivant, et kaivanut | 2nd singular | olit kaivant, olit kaivanut | et olt kaivant, et olt kaivanut |
3rd singular | kaivoi | ei kaivant, ei kaivanut | 3rd singular | oli kaivant, oli kaivanut | ei olt kaivant, ei olt kaivanut |
1st plural | kaivoimma | emmä kaivaneet | 1st plural | olimma kaivaneet | emmä olleet kaivaneet |
2nd plural | kaivoitta | että kaivaneet | 2nd plural | olitta kaivaneet | että olleet kaivaneet |
3rd plural | kaivoit1), kaivoivat2), kaivettii | evät kaivaneet, ei kaivettu | 3rd plural | olivat kaivaneet | evät olleet kaivaneet, ei olt kaivettu |
impersonal | kaivettii | ei kaivettu | impersonal | oli kaivettu | ei olt kaivettu |
Konditsionala | |||||
Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | kaivaisin | en kaivais | 1st singular | olisin kaivant, olisin kaivanut | en olis kaivant, en olis kaivanut |
2nd singular | kaivaisit, kaivaist1) | et kaivais | 2nd singular | olisit kaivant, olisit kaivanut | et olis kaivant, et olis kaivanut |
3rd singular | kaivais | ei kaivais | 3rd singular | olis kaivant, olis kaivanut | ei olis kaivant, ei olis kaivanut |
1st plural | kaivaisimma | emmä kaivais | 1st plural | olisimma kaivaneet | emmä olis kaivaneet |
2nd plural | kaivaisitta | että kaivais | 2nd plural | olisitta kaivaneet | että olis kaivaneet |
3rd plural | kaivaisiit1), kaivaisivat2), kaivettais | evät kaivais, ei kaivettais | 3rd plural | olisivat kaivaneet | evät olis kaivaneet, ei olis kaivettu |
impersonal | kaivettais | ei kaivettais | impersonal | olis kaivettu | ei olis kaivettu |
Imperativa | |||||
Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | — | — | 1st singular | — | — |
2nd singular | kaiva | elä kaiva | 2nd singular | oo kaivant, oo kaivanut | elä oo kaivant, elä oo kaivanut |
3rd singular | kaivakoo | elköö kaivako | 3rd singular | olkoo kaivant, olkoo kaivanut | elköö olko kaivant, elköö olko kaivanut |
1st plural | — | — | 1st plural | — | — |
2nd plural | kaivakaa | elkää kaivako | 2nd plural | olkaa kaivaneet | elkää olko kaivaneet |
3rd plural | kaivakoot | elkööt kaivako, elköö kaivettako | 3rd plural | olkoot kaivaneet | elkööt olko kaivaneet, elköö olko kaivettu |
impersonal | kaivettakkoo | elköö kaivettako | impersonal | olkoo kaivettu | elköö olko kaivettu |
Potentsiala | |||||
Preesens | |||||
positive | negative | ||||
1st singular | kaivanen | en kaivane | |||
2nd singular | kaivanet | et kaivane | |||
3rd singular | kaivanoo | ei kaivane | |||
1st plural | kaivanemma | emmä kaivane | |||
2nd plural | kaivanetta | että kaivane | |||
3rd plural | kaivanoot | evät kaivane, ei kaivettane | |||
impersonal | kaivettannoo | ei kaivettane | |||
Nominal forms | |||||
Infinitivat | Partisipat | ||||
active | passive | ||||
1st | kaivaa | present | kaivava | kaivettava | |
2nd | inessive | kaivajees | past | kaivant, kaivanut | kaivettu |
instructive | kaivaen | 1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (kaivakaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative ***) The deliberative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) or -kse to either the indicative or the potential ****) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse-, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition. | |||
3rd | illative | kaivamaa | |||
inessive | kaivamaas | ||||
elative | kaivamast | ||||
abessive | kaivamata | ||||
4th | nominative | kaivamiin | |||
partitive | kaivamista, kaivamist |