kind

English

English Wikipedia has an article on:

kind

Wikipedia

Pronunciation

• enPR: kīnd, IPA^(key): /kaɪnd/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aɪnd

Etymology 1

From Middle English kynde, kunde, cunde, icunde, from Old English cynd, ġecynd (“inherent nature, disposition, kind, gender, generation, race”), from Proto-West Germanic *kundi, from Proto-Germanic *kinþiz, related to Proto-Germanic *kunją (“race, kin”) and Old English cennan (“to bear, give birth”). Cognate with Old High German gikunt (“nature, kind”), Icelandic kind (“race, species, kind”). Doublet of gens, genesis, and jati. See also kin.

Alternative forms

• kinde, kynd, kynde (obsolete)

Noun

kind (plural kinds)

1. A type, race or category; a group of entities that have common characteristics such that they may be grouped together.

   What kind of a person are you?

   This is a strange kind of tobacco.

   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto V”, in The Faerie Queene. , London: [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 1:

     How diversely Love doth his pageants play, / And shews his powre in variable kinds !

   • 1922, Ben Travers, chapter 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest‎:

     “[…] the awfully hearty sort of Christmas cards that people do send to other people that they don't know at all well. You know. The kind that have mottoes like
       Here's rattling good luck and roaring good cheer, / With lashings of food and great hogsheads of beer. […]”

   • 2022, James Dominic Rooney, Material Objects in Confucian and Aristotelian Metaphysics, page 166:

     That in virtue of which all of his material parts are of the same kind human being is what makes those parts belong to Hook, but Hook is neither identical with his kind (the essence of human being), nor is Hook merely that which makes him a member of the kind or all his parts human (his soul).

2. A makeshift or otherwise atypical specimen.

   The opening served as a kind of window.

   • 1884 December 10, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], chapter VIII, in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: (Tom Sawyer’s Comrade) , London: Chatto & Windus, , →OCLC:

     I got my traps out of the canoe and made me a nice camp in the thick woods. I made a kind of a tent out of my blankets to put my things under so the rain couldn't get at them.

3. (archaic) One's inherent nature; character, natural disposition.
   • 1533, Thomas More, The second parte of the confutacion of Tyndals answere in whyche is also confuted the chyrche that Tyndale deuyseth:

     Must yt nedes folowe that theyr fayth was chaunged in kynde, bycause yt was augmented in degrees.

   • 1551, Thomas Wilson, The rule of reason, conteinyng the arte of logique:

     The generall woorde, is spoken of many, that differ either in kynd, or els in nombre.

   • 1665, Robert Boyle, Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects. Whereto is premis'd a Discourse about such kind of thoughts:

     'Tis all one..whether our Afflictions be the same with those of others, in Kind, or not Superiour to them in Degree.

   • 2002, D. DeGrazia, Animal Rights:

     He also argued powerfully, if less influentially, that animals' and humans' capacities differ largely in degree and not in kind.

4. (archaic) Family, lineage.
   • "She Moved through the Fair" (traditional Irish folk song)

     My young love said to me, My mother won’t mind
     And my father won’t slight you for your lack of kind.

5. (archaic) Manner.
7. Goods or services used as payment, as e.g. in barter.
   • 1691, John Dryden, Prologue to King Arthur:

     Some of you, on pure instinct of nature, / Are led by kind t'admire your fellow-creature.

8. Equivalent means used as response to an action.

   I'll pay in kind for his insult.

9. (Christianity) Each of the two elements of the communion service, bread and wine.
10. (type theory) The type of a type constructor or a higher-order type operator.

    The kind of any primitive data type is *, corresponding to a nullary constructor.

Usage notes

In sense “goods or services” or “equivalent means”, used almost exclusively with “in” in expression in kind.

Synonyms

• genre
• sort
• type
• derivative

(1) and/or (2)

• generation
• offspring
• child
• See also Thesaurus:class

Derived terms

Related terms

Translations

Etymology 2

From Middle English kinde, kunde, kende, from Old English cynde, ġecynde (“innate, natural, native”), from Old English cynd, ġecynd (“nature, kind”).

Alternative forms

• kinde (obsolete)

Adjective

kind (comparative kinder, superlative kindest)

1. Having a benevolent, courteous, friendly, generous, gentle, liberal, sympathetic, or warm-hearted nature or disposition, marked by consideration for – and service to – others.
   • c. 1588–1593 (date written), [William Shakespeare], The Most Lamentable Romaine Tragedie of Titus Andronicus:  (First Quarto), London: Iohn Danter, and are to be sold by Edward White & Thomas Millington, , published 1594, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii]:

     Some ſay that Rauens foſter forlorne children, / The whilſt their owne birds famiſh in their neſts: / Oh be to me though thy hard hart ſay no, / Nothing ſo kinde but ſomething pittiful.

2. Affectionate.

   a kind man; a kind heart

   • 1770, [Oliver] Goldsmith, The Deserted Village, a Poem, London: W. Griffin, , →OCLC:

     Yet was he kind, or if severe in aught, / The love he bore to learning was in fault.

3. Favorable.
   • c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. The First Part , 2nd edition, part 1, London: Richard Iones, , published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene iii:

     Thy words aſſure me of kind ſucceſſe:
     Go valiant Souldier, go before and charge
     The fainting army of that foolish King.

4. Mild, gentle, forgiving

   The years have been kind to Richard Gere; he ages well.

5. Gentle; tractable; easily governed.

   a horse kind in harness

6. (obsolete) Characteristic of the species; belonging to one's nature; natural; native.
   • 1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “(please specify |book=I to XXXVII)”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. , (please specify |tome=1 or 2), London: Adam Islip, published 1635, →OCLC:

     it becommeth sweeter than it should be, and loseth the kind tast.

Synonyms

• See also Thesaurus:affectionate

Derived terms

Translations

Further reading

• Kind in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

Anagrams

• DINK, dink

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch kind, from Middle Dutch kint, from Old Dutch kint, from Proto-Germanic *kindą (“offspring”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁tóm.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kənt/

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

kind (plural kinders)

1. child

Anagrams

• dink

Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse kinn, from Proto-Germanic *kinnuz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénu- (“cheek”). Compare Swedish kind, Norwegian and Icelandic kinn, Low German and German Kinn, Dutch kin, English chin.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ken/,

Noun

kind c (singular definite kinden, plural indefinite kinder)

1. cheek

Inflection

Dutch

Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:

kind

Wikipedia ^nl

Etymology

From Middle Dutch kint, from Old Dutch kint, from Proto-West Germanic *kind (“offspring”), from Proto-Germanic *kindą (“offspring”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁tóm (“that which is produced, that which is given birth to”), related to *ǵn̥h₁tós (“produced, given birth”), from *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to give birth”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɪnt/

• audio

  (file)

• Hyphenation: kind
• Rhymes: -ɪnt

Noun

kind n (plural kinderen or kinders, diminutive kindje n or kindertje n or kindeken n or kindelijn n)

1. child, kid, non-adult human

   Lieve kinderen, wij missen jullie. (typical paedagogical window message during COVID-19 measures)

   Dear children, we miss you.

2. first-degree descendant, still a minor or irrespective of age

   In sommige patriarchale tradities blijven kinderen levenslang onvoorwaardelijk onderworpen aan het vaderlijk gezag, zoals aanvankelijk in het Oude Rome, in andere houdt een zoon op kind te zijn door zijn eigen gezin te stichten

   In certain patriarchal traditions, children remain subject to unconditional paternal authority for life, as originally in Ancient Rome, in other ones a son ceases to be a child by founding his own family

   Synonyms: afstammeling, nakomeling, telg

3. (figuratively) product of influence, breeding etc.

   Deze kunstwerken zijn een kind van de moderne kunstbeweging.

   These artworks are a product of the modern art movement.

Usage notes

• The normal plural is kinderen (a double plural combining the endings -er (archaic) and -en, also found in a few other neuter nouns). The form kinders is heard colloquially, often also humorously.
• In compounds, the word can take the form kinder- or kind- as a tail. The former is used more often, however.
• The dimunitive kindelijn is now archaic, but can still be found in some fossilized songs and religious texts.

Derived terms

Descendants

• Afrikaans: kind
• Jersey Dutch: känt
• Negerhollands: kind, kint, kin, ken
• Skepi Creole Dutch: kente, kinte

See also

• dochter
• zoon
• blaag

Icelandic

Icelandic Wikipedia has an article on:

kind

Wikipedia ^is

Etymology

From Old Norse kind, from Proto-Germanic *kinþiz, cognate with Latin gēns (“clan, tribe”). The sense of “sheep” is derived from the compound sauðkind, literally “sheep-kind”.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /cʰɪnt/
• Rhymes: -ɪnt

Noun

kind f (genitive singular kindar, nominative plural kindur or kindir)

1. (obsolete) race, kind, kin
2. a sheep (especially a ewe)
3. (dated) used as a term of disparagement for a girl (or woman)

Declension

Standard declension:

Alternative declension, used primarily with "race, kind, kin":

Synonyms

• (sheep): rolla, sauðkind

Derived terms

• kindarlegur
• mannkind
• sauðkind

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse kind f, from Proto-Germanic *kinþiz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis. Akin to English kind.

Noun

kind m (definite singular kinden, indefinite plural kindar, definite plural kindane)
kind n (definite singular kindet, indefinite plural kind, definite plural kinda)

1. a child in a cradle

References

• “kind” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *kinþiz. Compare Latin gēns (“clan, tribe”).

Noun

kind f (genitive kindar, plural kindir or kindr)

1. race, kind, kin
2. creature, being

Declension

Derived terms

• mannkind
• sauðkind

Descendants

• Icelandic: kind f
• Faroese: kind

References

• “kind”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *kind (“child”), from Proto-Germanic *kindą, *kinþą, from Pre-Germanic *ǵénh₁tom, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to bear, give birth”).

Noun

kind n

1. child

Declension

Descendants

• Middle Low German: kind, kint, kynd
  • Dutch Low Saxon: kind, kiend, keend
  • German Low German: Kind
  • → Old Frisian: kind
    • West Frisian: kyn

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse kinn, from Proto-Germanic *kinnuz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénu- (“cheek”). Compare Danish kind, Norwegian and Icelandic kinn, German Kinn, Dutch kin, English chin.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɕɪnd/

• audio

  (file)

Noun

kind c

1. (anatomy) cheek; a part of the face.

Usage notes

False friend with chin, see haka.

Declension

Derived terms

• vända andra kinden till (“turn the other cheek”)

References

• kind in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• kind in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• kind in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Zealandic

Etymology

From Middle Dutch kint.

Noun

kind n (plural kinders)

1. child