kova
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Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *kova.
Pronunciation
Adjective
kova (comparative kovempi, superlative kovin)
- hard (of an object, resistant to pressure)
- Antonym: pehmeä
- strict, harsh, severe, unfriendly, hard, stern, brutal (of behavior or character)
- tough (rowdy or rough)
- Hän on kova kaveri.
- He is a tough guy.
- tough, hard (demanding a lot of effort to endure)
- (physics, ferromagnetism) hard (of material: having the capability of being a permanent magnet)
- (of water) hard (high on dissolved calcium and other minerals)
- (phonetics) hard, unvoiced (pronounced without using the vocal cords)
- (of light) harsh, hard (intensive and creating disagreeable and abrupt contrasts in colour or shading)
- (vulgar, of a man) hard, aroused; erect
- strong, hard, heavy, severe (having a high impact or influence)
- Antonym: (of wind) heikko
- Minulla on kova jano.
- I'm very thirsty.
- loud (of sound: of great intensity)
- Synonyms: luja, kovaääninen, äänekäs
- Antonym: hiljainen
- Radio on liian kovalla.
- The radio is too loud.
- live (of ammunition)
- Tappaja väitti, että hän ei tiennyt aseen olevan ladattu kovilla panoksilla.
- The killer claimed that he didn't know that the weapon was loaded with live rounds.
- (finance) unregulated, market-rate, unsubsidized, hard
- Synonyms: (unsubsidized) vapaarahoitteinen, (market-based) markkinaehtoinen
- kova valuutta ― hard currency (globally traded currency that is expected to serve as a reliable and stable store of value)
- kova raha ― unsubsidized financing (especially as opposite to aravalaina (“type of subsidized loan for social housing”))
- (pornography) hard, hardcore
- kova porno ― hardcore pornography
- high, great, ambitious, remarkable
- kova kysyntä ― great demand
- Pidän ilmapiiristä, mutta heidän hintansa ovat aika kovat.
- I like the atmosphere, but their prices are quite high.
- Heillä on kovat suunnitelmat - ensin valloitetaan Pohjoismaiden markkinat, sitten koko maailma.
- They have ambitious plans – first the Nordic market, then the whole world. / They have ambitious plans to first conquer the Nordic market and then the whole world.
- excellent, great, well-known
- Synonyms: erinomainen, mainio
- Alle kaksi tuntia on kova aika maratonilla.
- Less than two hours is an excellent time on a marathon.
- Niin, mutta olenkin kovassa kunnossa. Olen kova nimi urheilupiireissä.
- Yes, but I'm in a great shape. I'm a well-known name in the sports circles.
- eager, devoted
- Hän on kova kalamies.
- He's an eager fisherman.
- Hän on kova Kärppä-fani.
- He's a devoted fan of the Kärpät.
- hard, hardworking
- Hän on kova työmies.
- He's a hard worker.
Declension
| Inflection of kova (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | kova | kovat | |
| genitive | kovan | kovien | |
| partitive | kovaa | kovia | |
| illative | kovaan | koviin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | kova | kovat | |
| accusative | nom. | kova | kovat |
| gen. | kovan | ||
| genitive | kovan | kovien kovainrare | |
| partitive | kovaa | kovia | |
| inessive | kovassa | kovissa | |
| elative | kovasta | kovista | |
| illative | kovaan | koviin | |
| adessive | kovalla | kovilla | |
| ablative | kovalta | kovilta | |
| allative | kovalle | koville | |
| essive | kovana | kovina | |
| translative | kovaksi | koviksi | |
| abessive | kovatta | kovitta | |
| instructive | — | kovin | |
| comitative | — | kovine | |
Derived terms
compounds
- kivenkova
- kivikova
- kovaiskuinen
- kovajuotos
- kovakallo
- kovakalloinen
- kovakalvo
- kovakantinen
- kovakoodata
- kovakorvainen
- kovakourainen
- kovaksikeitetty
- kovakumi
- kovakuntoinen
- kovakuoriainen
- kovakuorinen
- kovakätinen
- kovalevy
- kovaluonteinen
- kovaluontoinen
- kovametalli
- kovanaama
- kovanaamainen
- Kovaniemi
- kovankypsä
- kovaonninen
- kovaosainen
- kovaotteinen
- kovapalkkainen
- kovapanosammunta
- kovapintainen
- kovapohjainen
- kovapäinen
- kovasanainen
- kovasuinen
- kovasydäminen
- kovaääninen
- luunkova
- metallinkova
- piinkova
- puolikova
- raudankova
- teräksenkova
- timantinkova
Further reading
- “kova”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
Anagrams
Hungarian
Etymology
From an otherwise unattested stem + -a (diminutive suffix).
Pronunciation
Noun
kova (plural kovák)
Declension
| Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | kova | kovák |
| accusative | kovát | kovákat |
| dative | kovának | kováknak |
| instrumental | kovával | kovákkal |
| causal-final | kováért | kovákért |
| translative | kovává | kovákká |
| terminative | kováig | kovákig |
| essive-formal | kovaként | kovákként |
| essive-modal | — | — |
| inessive | kovában | kovákban |
| superessive | kován | kovákon |
| adessive | kovánál | kováknál |
| illative | kovába | kovákba |
| sublative | kovára | kovákra |
| allative | kovához | kovákhoz |
| elative | kovából | kovákból |
| delative | kováról | kovákról |
| ablative | kovától | kováktól |
| non-attributive possessive - singular |
kováé | kováké |
| non-attributive possessive - plural |
kováéi | kovákéi |
| Possessive forms of kova | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
| 1st person sing. | kovám | kováim |
| 2nd person sing. | kovád | kováid |
| 3rd person sing. | kovája | kovái |
| 1st person plural | kovánk | kováink |
| 2nd person plural | kovátok | kováitok |
| 3rd person plural | kovájuk | kováik |
References
- ^ kova in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Further reading
- kova in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Ingrian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *kova. Cognates include Finnish kova and Estonian kõva.
Pronunciation
Adjective
kova (comparative kovemp)
- hard
- 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 12:
- A kalastajat - koko talvia merel ollaa, ja pakkaist kittäät, etti jään kovanna pittää.
- And the fishermen - they are on the sea all winter, and thank the frost, that it keeps the ice hard.
- harsh
- 18th century, “Kui tulloo syvä syksy [When late autumn comes]”:
- Kui tulloo syvä syksy, kova talvi tallajaa.
- When late autumn comes, the harsh winter sets in.
- rough
- strong, sturdy
Declension
| Declension of kova (type 3/koira, no gradation, gemination) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | kova | kovat |
| genitive | kovan | kovviin |
| partitive | kovvaa | kovvia |
| illative | kovvaa | kovvii |
| inessive | kovas | kovis |
| elative | kovast | kovist |
| allative | kovalle | koville |
| adessive | koval | kovil |
| ablative | kovalt | kovilt |
| translative | kovaks | koviks |
| essive | kovanna, kovvaan | kovinna, kovviin |
| exessive1) | kovant | kovint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
Antonyms
Derived terms
References
- V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 59
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 199
- Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку, →ISBN, page 72
Karelian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *kova.
Adjective
kova
Kilivila
Pronunciation
Noun
kova
References
- Gunter Senft (1986), Kilivila: the Language of the Trobriand Islanders. Berlin • New York • Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 291. →ISBN
Lithuanian
Etymology
- Aleksander Brückner listed this term as a cognate with Polish kuć (“to forge”), from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to strike”).
Pronunciation
Noun
kovà f (plural kõvos) stress pattern 4
Declension
Declension of kovà
| singular (vienaskaita) | plural (daugiskaita) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative (vardininkas) | kovà | kõvos |
| genitive (kilmininkas) | kovõs | kovų̃ |
| dative (naudininkas) | kõvai | kovóms |
| accusative (galininkas) | kõvą | kovàs |
| instrumental (įnagininkas) | kovà | kovomìs |
| locative (vietininkas) | kovojè | kovosè |
| vocative (šauksmininkas) | kõva | kõvos |
Synonyms
Derived terms
Related terms
- (verb) kauti
See also
References
- ^ Brückner, Aleksander (1927) “kuć”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, page 279
- ^ “kova” in Balčikonis, Juozas et al. (1954), Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla.
- “kova” in Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria (1993), Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN
Ludian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *kova.
Adjective
kova
Swedish
Etymology
Borrowed from Finnish kova, from expressions like kova raha (“hard money”).
Noun
kova c
Usage notes
Only as part of compounds and certain expressions.
Declension
| Declension of kova | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uncountable | ||||
| Indefinite | Definite | |||
| Nominative | kova | kovan | — | — |
| Genitive | kovas | kovans | — | — |
Derived terms
References
- kova in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
- kova in Svensk ordbok (SO)
- kova in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
Turkish
Etymology
From Ottoman Turkish قوغه (koğa. kova), from Proto-Turkic *kobga. Cognate to Southern Altai кого (kogo).
Pronunciation
Noun
kova (definite accusative kovayı, plural kovalar)
Declension
| Inflection | ||
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | kova | |
| Definite accusative | kovayı | |
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | kova | kovalar |
| Definite accusative | kovayı | kovaları |
| Dative | kovaya | kovalara |
| Locative | kovada | kovalarda |
| Ablative | kovadan | kovalardan |
| Genitive | kovanın | kovaların |
Veps
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *kova.
Adjective
kova
Inflection
| Inflection of kova (inflection type 6/kuva) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative sing. | kova | ||
| genitive sing. | kovan | ||
| partitive sing. | kovad | ||
| partitive plur. | kovid | ||
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | kova | kovad | |
| accusative | kovan | kovad | |
| genitive | kovan | koviden | |
| partitive | kovad | kovid | |
| essive-instructive | kovan | kovin | |
| translative | kovaks | kovikš | |
| inessive | kovas | koviš | |
| elative | kovaspäi | kovišpäi | |
| illative | kovaha | kovihe | |
| adessive | koval | kovil | |
| ablative | kovalpäi | kovilpäi | |
| allative | kovale | kovile | |
| abessive | kovata | kovita | |
| comitative | kovanke | kovidenke | |
| prolative | kovadme | kovidme | |
| approximative I | kovanno | kovidenno | |
| approximative II | kovannoks | kovidennoks | |
| egressive | kovannopäi | kovidennopäi | |
| terminative I | kovahasai | kovihesai | |
| terminative II | kovalesai | kovilesai | |
| terminative III | kovassai | — | |
| additive I | kovahapäi | kovihepäi | |
| additive II | kovalepäi | kovilepäi | |