kraj

Czech

Czech Wikipedia has an article on:

kraj

Wikipedia ^cs

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

kraj m inan

1. edge, periphery, outskirts
2. region

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Further reading

• kraj in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• kraj in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
• kraj in Internetová jazyková příručka

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

Probably borrowed from Upper Sorbian kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь. Doublet of kšaj, which was inherited.

Noun

kraj m inan

1. region, land

   Synonym: kšaj

Declension

Further reading

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “kraj”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999) “kraj”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
• Lower Sorbian vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈkraj/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈkraj/

Noun

kraj m inan

1. edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
2. (chiefly in the plural) borderland
3. landscape, area, territory, country

Declension

Descendants

• Czech: kraj

References

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “kraj”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /kraːj/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /krɒj/

Noun

kraj m ?

1. border (edge of a territory)
   • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Latin-Polish-German Florian Psalter]‎, Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 2, 8:

     Dam cy... w trzimane twoie craie zemske (terminos terrae)

     [Dam ci... w trzymanie twoje kraje ziemskie (terminos terrae)]

   • 1930 [Fifteenth century], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎, section 13,11:

     Wiswolyl sobye Loth kray (regionem) podle Yordana

     [Wyzwolił sobie Lot kraj (regionem) podle Jordana]

2. edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
   • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Latin-Polish-German Florian Psalter]‎, Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 132, 3:

     Yasz stanpa w kray odzena gego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)

     [Jaż zstąpa w kraj odzienia jego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)]

   • 1880 [Fifteenth century], Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności, volume V, page 266:

     Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego krayv szwyatha, ubi sol oritur

     [Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego kraju świata, ubi sol oritur]

Derived terms

Descendants

• Masurian: kráj
• Polish: kraj
• Silesian: kraj

References

• Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “kraj”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
• Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “kraj”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
• Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “kraj”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “kraj”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Polish

Polish Wikipedia has an article on:

kraj

Wikipedia ^pl

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kraj/
• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈkrɒj/

• Audio 1

  (file)

• Audio 2

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aj
• Syllabification: kraj

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Polish kraj.

Noun

kraj m inan

1. country (territory of a nation)

   Synonyms: kraina, państwo

2. (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)
3. (chiefly dated or archaic) edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)

   Synonym: skraj

Declension

Related terms

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), kraj is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 107 times in scientific texts, 193 times in news, 205 times in essays, 37 times in fiction, and 19 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 561 times, making it the 83rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

kraj

1. second-person singular imperative of krajać

References

Further reading

• kraj in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• kraj in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “kraj”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “KRAJ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2010 September 6
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861‎
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎ (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 522

Serbo-Croatian

Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia has an article on:

kraj

Wikipedia ^sh

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kroh₁(y)-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /krâːj/
• Rhymes: -âːj

Noun

krȃj m (Cyrillic spelling кра̑ј)

1. end, ending
2. rim, edge, verge
3. region, area
4. landscape, scenery
5. (archaic) land, shore

Declension

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /krâj/

Preposition

krȁj (Cyrillic spelling кра̏ј) (+ genitive case)

1. near, next to, beside (= pȍred, pȍkraj, dȍ)

   Dođi, s(j)edni kraj mene. ― Come, sit next to me.

2. past, by (= pȍred, pȍkraj)

   Metak je proletio točno kraj mene. ― The bullet flew right by me.

3. (proscribed) in spite of, despite (= ȕprkos/ȕsprkos, pȍred)

   I kraj svega toga, preživio sam. ― And despite all of it, I survived.

Silesian

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish kraj.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkraj/
• Rhymes: -aj
• Syllabification: kraj

Noun

kraj m inan

1. country (territory of a nation)

   Synonyms: regiōn, krajina, państwo

2. edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
3. (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)

   Synonyms: rant, brzyg

   Antonym: postrzodek

Further reading

• kraj in silling.org

Slovak

Slovak Wikipedia has an article on:

kraj

Wikipedia ^sk

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kraj/

Noun

kraj m inan (genitive singular kraja, nominative plural kraje, genitive plural krajov, declension pattern of stroj)

1. edge
2. end
3. region

Declension

Further reading

• “kraj”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

Slovene

Slovene Wikipedia has an article on:

kraj

Wikipedia ^sl

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kráj/

Noun

krȁj m inan

1. place (location, position)
2. town, village or place

   Iz katerega kraja si ravnokar prišel? ― What place have you just come from?

3. end or beginning

Inflection

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Further reading

• “kraj”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran

Upper Sorbian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

Noun

kraj m inan

1. country, land

Descendants

• → Lower Sorbian: kraj

Further reading

• “kraj” in Soblex