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kulak. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
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English
Alternative forms
Etymology
1877. From Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”), plural кулаки́ (kulakí). Compare also Russian раскула́чивание (raskuláčivanije, “dekulakization”), подкула́чник (podkuláčnik, “subkulak”).
Pronunciation
Noun
kulak (plural kulaks or kulaki)
- (historical) A prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers.
2002 Sep, Christopher Hitchens, “Martin Amis: Lightness at Midnight”, in The Atlantic:The “internal organs,” as the CHEKA and the GPU and the KGB used to style themselves, were asked to police the mind for heresy as much as to torture kulaks to relinquish the food they withheld from the cities.
2015 February 6, Nick Gillespie, “To the Barricades, Brooklyn Yuppies!”, in The Dailey Beast, retrieved 20150206:We are the “upper middle class”, the new kulaks whose antisocial self-interest and lack of submission to the aims of the revolutionary vanguard must be extinguished.
Usage notes
During Soviet state collectivization of farming in the 1920s and 1930s the label kulak, implying “tight-fisted”, was applied pejoratively to land-owning peasants in general.
Quotations
Synonyms
Hypernyms
Derived terms
Translations
prosperous peasant
- Afrikaans: koelak
- Albanian: please add this translation if you can
- Arabic: كُولَاك m (kūlāk), قُولَاق m (qūlāq)
- Armenian: կուլակ (hy) (kulak)
- Azerbaijani: kulak (az)
- Belarusian: кула́к (be) m (kulák), курку́ль m (kurkúlʹ)
- Bulgarian: кула́к (bg) m (kulák)
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 富農/富农 (zh) (fùnóng)
- Czech: kulak (cs) m
- Danish: kulak (da) c
- Dutch: koelak (nl) m
- Esperanto: please add this translation if you can
- Estonian: kulak
- Finnish: kulakki (fi)
- French: koulak (fr) m
- Georgian: კულაკი (ḳulaḳi)
- German: Kulak m, Kulakin f
- Greek: κουλάκος (el) m (koulákos)
- Hebrew: קולאק (kulak)
- Hindi: कूलाक (kūlāk), कुलक (hi) m (kulak)
- Hungarian: kulák (hu)
- Ingrian: kulakka
- Japanese: クラーク (kurāku), 富農 (ja) (ふのう, funō)
- Kalmyk: кулак (kulak)
- Kazakh: кулак (kulak)
- Korean: 쿨라크 (kullakeu), 부농(富農) (ko) (bunong)
- Kyrgyz: кулак (ky) (kulak)
- Latvian: budzis, kulaks m
- Lithuanian: buožė, kulakas m
- Macedonian: кула́к (mk) m (kulák)
- Mongolian: кулак (kulak)
- Nogai: кулак (kulak)
- Norwegian:
- Bokmål: kulakk m
- Nynorsk: kulakk m
- Persian: کولاک (fa) (kulâk)
- Polish: kułak (pl) m
- Portuguese: kulak (pt) m
- Romanian: culac (ro) m, chiabur (ro) m
- Russian: кула́к (ru) m (kulák), курку́ль (ru) m (kurkúlʹ)
- Serbo-Croatian: кулак m, kulak (sh) m
- Slovak: kulak m
- Slovene: kulak (sl) m
- Spanish: kulak (es) m
- Swedish: kulak (sv) c
- Tajik: кулак (tg) (kulak)
- Turkish: kulak (tr)
- Turkmen: kulak
- Ukrainian: курку́ль (uk) m (kurkúlʹ) (term used during collectivisation, offensive), кула́к (uk) m (kulák) (original term)
- Uzbek: kulak (uz), quloq (uz)
- Vietnamese: phú nông (vi) (富農), cu-lắc
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References
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: Tenth Edition 1997
Anagrams
Czech
Etymology
Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).
Pronunciation
Noun
kulak m anim
- (historical, derogatory) kulak, a prosperous peasant marked as an enemy of the people by the communist regime, especially in the time of forced collectivization (e. g. in Czechoslovakia 1948–cca 1960)
2003, Jaroslav Čejka, Lidé, čas a zvířata, Praha: Baronet, →ISBN, page 144:Pan Kubrycht byl prý původně bohatý sedlák, čili – jak se v padesátých letech říkalo – kulak, kterého vyhnali z jeho statku.- People say that Mr. Kubrycht was originally a rich farmer, or – as it was said in 1950s – a kulak, who was forced to leave his farm.
Declension
Declension of kulak (velar masculine animate)
Derived terms
Further reading
- kulak in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
- kulak in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
- kulak in Internetová jazyková příručka
Anagrams
Italian
Alternative forms
Etymology
Unadapted borrowing from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kuˈlak/
- Rhymes: -ak
- Hyphenation: ku‧làk
Noun
kulak m (plural kulaki)
- (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)
Further reading
- kulak in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Norwegian Bokmål
Noun
kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulaker, definite plural kulakene)
- form removed with the spelling reform of 2005; superseded by kulakk
Norwegian Nynorsk
Noun
kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulakar, definite plural kulakane)
- (pre-2005) alternative form of kulakk
Portuguese
Noun
kulak m (plural kulaks)
- (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)
Turkish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ku.ˈɫɑk/
- Hyphenation: ku‧lak
Etymology 1
From Ottoman Turkish قولاق (qulaq, “ear”), Old Anatolian Turkish قلاق (qulaq, “ear”), from Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (q̊¹ul¹qq /qulqaq/). A possible cognate with Finnish kuulla
Noun
kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)
- (anatomy) ear
Declension
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Russian кула́к (kulák).
Noun
kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)
- kulak
References
- ^ 1799, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 4, p. 495
- ^ 1971, etimológiai szótár, p. 254
- ^ 1981, Urwörter der Menschheit: eine Archäologie der Sprache, p. 59