kꜣhs

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Egyptian

Pronunciation

Verb

kAhsA2

 4-lit.

  1. (intransitive) to be(come) harsh
    • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.11–1.12:
      xrrM6nDs
      n      		 HrZ1rd
      f      		 AG42Y1ibZ1
      imAAmiAmY1
      n      		 fkAhsE21A24rmwtt B1
      f
      ḫr (tw)r n(j) ḥr r dfꜣ jb jmꜣ n.f kꜣhs r mwt.f
      One who is averted of face against feeding the heart (i.e. one who doesn’t indulge himself), the harsh man has to be more kindly to him than his (own) mother.

Inflection

Conjugation of kꜣhs (quadriliteral / 4-lit. / 4rad.) — base stem: kꜣhs
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
kꜣhs
 kꜣhsw, kꜣhs
 kꜣhst
 kꜣhs
 kꜣhs
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
kꜣhs
 ḥr kꜣhs
 m kꜣhs
 r kꜣhs
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active contingent
aspect / mood active
perfect kꜣhs.n
 consecutive kꜣhs.jn
terminative kꜣhst
perfective3 kꜣhs
 obligative1 kꜣhs.ḫr
imperfective kꜣhs
prospective3 kꜣhsw, kꜣhs
 potentialis1 kꜣhs.kꜣ
subjunctive kꜣhs
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active active passive
perfect kꜣhs.n
 — —
perfective kꜣhs
 kꜣhs
 kꜣhs, kꜣhsw5, kꜣhsy5
imperfective kꜣhs, kꜣhsy, kꜣhsw5
 kꜣhs, kꜣhsj6, kꜣhsy6
 kꜣhs, kꜣhsw5
prospective kꜣhs, kꜣhstj7
 kꜣhswtj1 4, kꜣhstj4, kꜣhst4

1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.

References

  • James P Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 261.
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