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Irish
Pronunciation
Particle
lenar (form used before non-past tenses lena) (used before a past tense; triggers lenition of a following consonant except in the autonomous form)
- with which/whom
- an buachaill lenar bhuail mé ― the boy with whom I met
Usage notes
Especially in the spoken language, it is more common to use the indirect relative particle ar with a resumptive prepositional pronoun:
- an buachaill ar bhuail mé leis ― the boy with whom I met
Particle
lenar (form used before a vowel in the present/future lenarb, form used before a vowel in the past/conditional lenarbh) (used before a consonant sound; triggers lenition in the past/conditional)
- with which/whom is
- an fear lenar féidir labhairt le hainmhithe ― the man who can talk to animals
- with which/whom was/would be
- an bhean lenar dhóigh gurbh fhíor é ― the woman who believed it was true
Usage notes
Here again, it is more common, especially in the spoken language, to use the indirect relative particle ar with a resumptive prepositional pronoun:
- an fear ar féidir leis a labhairt le hainmhithe ― the man who can talk to animals
- an bhean ar dhóigh léi gurbh fhíor é ― the woman who believed it was true
Irish copular forms
Simple copular forms
Present/future
|
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
Neg. inter.
|
Main clauses
|
is |
ní |
an |
nach
|
Direct relative clauses
|
nach
|
|
Indirect relative clauses |
ar, arbv
|
Other subordinate clauses |
gur, gurbv |
an |
nach
|
Past/conditional
|
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
Neg. inter.
|
Main clauses |
ba, b’v |
níor, níorbhv |
ar, arbhv |
nár, nárbhv
|
Direct relative clauses |
ba, abv
|
nár, nárbhv
|
|
Indirect relative clauses |
ar, arbhv
|
Other subordinate clauses |
gur, gurbhv |
ar, arbhv |
nár, nárbhv
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
|
Affirmative |
Negative
|
gura, gurabv |
nára, nárabv
|
|
|
Compound copular forms
Base word |
Present/future |
Past/conditional
|
cá |
cár, cárbv |
cár, cárbhv
|
cé |
cér, cérbv |
cér, cérbhv
|
dá
|
|
dá mba, dá mb’v
|
de/do |
dar, darbv |
dar, darbhv
|
faoi |
faoinar, faoinarbv |
faoinar, faoinarbhv
|
i |
inar, inarbv |
inar, inarbhv
|
le |
lenar, lenarbv |
lenar, lenarbhv
|
má |
más |
má ba, má b’v
|
mura |
mura, murabv |
murar, murarbhv
|
ó (prep.) |
ónar, ónarbv |
ónar, ónarbhv
|
ó (conj.) |
ós |
ó ba, ó b’v
|
trí |
trínar, trínarbv |
trínar, trínarbhv
|
|
v Used before vowel sounds
|
Irish preposition contractions
Basic form
|
Contracted with
|
Copular forms
|
an (“the sg”) |
na (“the pl”) |
mo (“my”) |
do (“your”) |
a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) |
ár (“our”) |
ar (“which (past)”) |
(before consonant) |
(present/future before vowel) |
(past/conditional before vowel)
|
de (“from”) |
den |
de na desna* |
de mo dem* |
de do ded*, det* |
dá
|
dár |
dar |
darb |
darbh
|
do (“to, for”) |
don |
do na dosna* |
do mo dom* |
do do dod*, dot* |
dá
|
dár |
dar |
darb |
darbh
|
faoi (“under, about”) |
faoin |
faoi na |
faoi mo |
faoi do |
faoina |
faoinár
|
faoinar |
faoinarb |
faoinarbh
|
i (“in”) |
sa, san |
sna |
i mo im* |
i do id*, it* |
ina |
inár
|
inar |
inarb |
inarbh
|
le (“with”) |
leis an |
leis na |
le mo lem* |
le do led*, let* |
lena |
lenár
|
lenar |
lenarb |
lenarbh
|
ó (“from, since”) |
ón |
ó na ósna* |
ó mo óm* |
ó do ód*, ót* |
óna |
ónár
|
ónar |
ónarb |
ónarbh
|
trí (“through”) |
tríd an |
trí na |
trí mo |
trí do |
trína |
trínár
|
trínar |
trínarb |
trínarbh
|
*Dialectal.
|