Audio (Received Pronunciation): | (file) |
Audio (General American): | (file) |
From Middle English lever, levore, levour, from Old French leveor, leveur (“a lifter, lever (also Old French and French levier)”), from Latin levātor (“a lifter”), from levō (“to raise”). Doublet of levator.
lever (plural levers)
|
|
lever (third-person singular simple present levers, present participle levering, simple past and past participle levered)
|
From Middle English lever, comparative of leve, leef (“dear, beloved, lief”), equivalent to lief + -er. Related to German lieber (“rather”).
lever (not comparable)
lever (plural levers)
From Old Danish liuær, from Old Norse lifr, from Proto-Germanic *librō, cognate with English liver and German Leber. The Germanic word may be an irregular remodelling of the Proto-Indo-European word for "liver", *yókʷr̥, cf. Ancient Greek ἧπαρ (hêpar) and Latin iecur.
lever c (singular definite leveren, plural indefinite levere)
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
lever
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
lever or levér
From Middle Dutch lēvere, from Old Dutch *levara, from Proto-West Germanic *libru, from Proto-Germanic *librō.
lever f (plural levers, diminutive levertje n)
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
lever
Inherited from Middle French lever, from Old French lever, from Latin levāre (“to elevate”), from levis (“light, not heavy”).
lever
This verb is conjugated like parler, except the -e- /ə/ of the second-to-last syllable becomes -è- /ɛ/ when the next vowel is a silent or schwa -e-, as in the third-person singular present indicative il lève and the third-person singular future indicative il lèvera.
infinitive | simple | lever | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | levant /lə.vɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | levé /lə.ve/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | lève /lɛv/ |
lèves /lɛv/ |
lève /lɛv/ |
levons /lə.vɔ̃/ |
levez /lə.ve/ |
lèvent /lɛv/ |
imperfect | levais /lə.vɛ/ |
levais /lə.vɛ/ |
levait /lə.vɛ/ |
levions /lə.vjɔ̃/ |
leviez /lə.vje/ |
levaient /lə.vɛ/ | |
past historic2 | levai /lə.ve/ |
levas /lə.va/ |
leva /lə.va/ |
levâmes /lə.vam/ |
levâtes /lə.vat/ |
levèrent /lə.vɛʁ/ | |
future | lèverai /lɛ.vʁe/ or /le.vʁe/ |
lèveras /lɛ.vʁa/ or /le.vʁa/ |
lèvera /lɛ.vʁa/ or /le.vʁa/ |
lèverons /lɛ.vʁɔ̃/ or /le.vʁɔ̃/ |
lèverez /lɛ.vʁe/ or /le.vʁe/ |
lèveront /lɛ.vʁɔ̃/ or /le.vʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | lèverais /lɛ.vʁɛ/ or /le.vʁɛ/ |
lèverais /lɛ.vʁɛ/ or /le.vʁɛ/ |
lèverait /lɛ.vʁɛ/ or /le.vʁɛ/ |
lèverions /lɛ.və.ʁjɔ̃/ or /le.və.ʁjɔ̃/ |
lèveriez /lɛ.və.ʁje/ or /le.və.ʁje/ |
lèveraient /lɛ.vʁɛ/ or /le.vʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | lève /lɛv/ |
lèves /lɛv/ |
lève /lɛv/ |
levions /lə.vjɔ̃/ |
leviez /lə.vje/ |
lèvent /lɛv/ |
imperfect2 | levasse /lə.vas/ |
levasses /lə.vas/ |
levât /lə.va/ |
levassions /lə.va.sjɔ̃/ |
levassiez /lə.va.sje/ |
levassent /lə.vas/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | lève /lɛv/ |
— | levons /lə.vɔ̃/ |
levez /lə.ve/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris , Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
lever m (plural levers)
lever
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | leverek | leversz | lever | leverünk | levertek | levernek | |
Def. | leverem | levered | leveri | leverjük | leveritek | leverik | |||
2nd-p. o. | leverlek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indef. | levertem | levertél | levert | levertünk | levertetek | levertek | ||
Def. | levertem | leverted | leverte | levertük | levertétek | leverték | |||
2nd-p. o. | levertelek | ― | |||||||
Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. le fog verni. | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | leverék | leverél | levere | leverénk | leverétek | leverének | ||
Def. | leverém | leveréd | leveré | leverénk | leverétek | leverék | |||
2nd-p. o. | leverélek | ― | |||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. lever vala, levert vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | leverendek | leverendesz | leverend | leverendünk | leverendetek | leverendenek | ||
Def. | leverendem | leverended | leverendi | leverendjük | leverenditek | leverendik | |||
2nd-p. o. | leverendelek | ― | |||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | levernék | levernél | leverne | levernénk | levernétek | levernének | |
Def. | leverném | levernéd | leverné | levernénk (or levernők) |
levernétek | levernék | |||
2nd-p. o. | levernélek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. levert volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | leverjek | leverj or leverjél |
leverjen | leverjünk | leverjetek | leverjenek | |
Def. | leverjem | leverd or leverjed |
leverje | leverjük | leverjétek | leverjék | |||
2nd-p. o. | leverjelek | ― | |||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. levert légyen | ||||||||
Infinitive | leverni | levernem | leverned | levernie | levernünk | levernetek | leverniük | ||
Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
leverés | leverő | levert | leverendő | leverve (levervén) | leveret | ||||
The archaic passive conjugation had the same -(t)at/-(t)et suffix as the causative, followed by -ik in the 3rd-person singular (and the concomitant changes in conditional and subjunctive mostly in the 1st- and 3rd-person singular like with other traditional -ik verbs). | |||||||||
The prefix can split from the verb stem, e.g. nem ver le or le is ver. |
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | leverhetek | leverhetsz | leverhet | leverhetünk | leverhettek | leverhetnek | |
Def. | leverhetem | leverheted | leverheti | leverhetjük | leverhetitek | leverhetik | |||
2nd-p. o. | leverhetlek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indef. | leverhettem | leverhettél | leverhetett | leverhettünk | leverhettetek | leverhettek | ||
Def. | leverhettem | leverhetted | leverhette | leverhettük | leverhettétek | leverhették | |||
2nd-p. o. | leverhettelek | ― | |||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | leverheték | leverhetél | leverhete | leverheténk | leverhetétek | leverhetének | ||
Def. | leverhetém | leverhetéd | leverheté | leverheténk | leverhetétek | leverheték | |||
2nd-p. o. | leverhetélek | ― | |||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. leverhet vala, leverhetett vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | leverhetendek or leverandhatok |
leverhetendesz or leverandhatsz |
leverhetend or leverandhat |
leverhetendünk or leverandhatunk |
leverhetendetek or leverandhattok |
leverhetendenek or leverandhatnak | ||
Def. | leverhetendem or leverandhatom |
leverhetended or leverandhatod |
leverhetendi or leverandhatja |
leverhetendjük or leverandhatjuk |
leverhetenditek or leverandhatjátok |
leverhetendik or leverandhatják | |||
2nd-p. o. | leverhetendelek or leverandhatlak |
― | |||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | leverhetnék | leverhetnél | leverhetne | leverhetnénk | leverhetnétek | leverhetnének | |
Def. | leverhetném | leverhetnéd | leverhetné | leverhetnénk (or leverhetnők) |
leverhetnétek | leverhetnék | |||
2nd-p. o. | leverhetnélek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. leverhetett volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | leverhessek | leverhess or leverhessél |
leverhessen | leverhessünk | leverhessetek | leverhessenek | |
Def. | leverhessem | leverhesd or leverhessed |
leverhesse | leverhessük | leverhessétek | leverhessék | |||
2nd-p. o. | leverhesselek | ― | |||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. leverhetett légyen | ||||||||
Inf. | (leverhetni) | (leverhetnem) | (leverhetned) | (leverhetnie) | (leverhetnünk) | (leverhetnetek) | (leverhetniük) | ||
Positive adjective | leverhető | Neg. adj. | leverhetetlen | Adv. part. | (leverhetve / leverhetvén) | ||||
The prefix can split from the verb stem, e.g. nem verhet le or le is verhet. |
From Dutch lever (“liver”), from Middle Dutch lēvere, from Old Dutch *levara, from Proto-Germanic *librō. Doublet of liver.
lèvêr
lēver
Comparative of leve (“dear”) of Germanic origin (compare German lieb) or lief.
lever
lever
lever
From Old French lever.
lever
infinitive | simple | lever | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle1 or gerund2 | simple | levant | |||||
compound | present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past participle | levé | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | ie (i’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ilz, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | leve | leves | leve | levons | levez | levent |
imperfect | levois, levoys | levois, levoys | levoit, levoyt | levions, levyons | leviez, levyez | levoient, levoyent | |
past historic | leva | levas | leva | levasmes | levastes | leverent | |
future | leverai, leveray | leveras | levera | leverons | leverez | leveront | |
conditional | leverois, leveroys | leverois, leveroys | leveroit, leveroyt | leverions, leveryons | leveriez, leveryez | leveroient, leveroyent | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que ie (i’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ilz, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | leve | leves | leve | levons | levez | levent |
imperfect | levasse | levasses | levast | levassions | levassiez | levassent | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | leve | — | levons | levez | — | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château , Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679. | |||||||
2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château , op. cit., p. 180). |
From Old Norse lifr, from Proto-Germanic *librō, from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“to smudge, stick”), from *ley- (“to be slimy, be sticky, glide”).
lever m or f (definite singular leveren or levra, indefinite plural levere or levre or levrer, definite plural leverne or levrene)
lever
From Old Norse lifr, from Proto-Germanic *librō, from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“to smudge, stick”), from *ley- (“to be slimy, be sticky, glide”). Akin to English liver.
lever f (definite singular levra, indefinite plural levrar or levrer, definite plural levrane or levrene)
lever
lever
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. The forms that would normally end in *-v, *-vs, *-vt are modified to f, s, t. This verb has a stressed present stem liev distinct from the unstressed stem lev. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | lever | avoir levé | |||||
gerund | en levant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
present participle | levant | ||||||
past participle | levé | ||||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
simple tenses |
present | lief | lieves | lieve | levons | levez | lievent |
imperfect | levoie, leveie, levoe, leveve | levoies, leveies, levoes, leveves | levoit, leveit, levot, leveve | leviiens, leviens | leviiez, leviez | levoient, leveient, levoent, levevent | |
preterite | levai | levas | leva | levames | levastes | leverent | |
future | leverai | leveras | levera | leverons | leveroiz, levereiz, leverez | leveront | |
conditional | leveroie, levereie | leveroies, levereies | leveroit, levereit | leveriiens, leveriens | leveriiez, leveriez | leveroient, levereient | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
simple tenses |
present | lief | lies | liet | levons | levez | lievent |
imperfect | levasse | levasses | levast | levissons, levissiens | levissoiz, levissez, levissiez | levassent | |
compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
— | lieve | — | levons | levez | — |
From Old Norse hleifr, from Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz.
lēver m
Audio: | (file) |
From Old Norse lifr, from Proto-Germanic *librō, from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“to smudge, stick”), from *ley- (“to be slimy, be sticky, glide”).
lever c
nominative | genitive | ||
---|---|---|---|
singular | indefinite | lever | levers |
definite | levern | leverns | |
plural | indefinite | levrar | levrars |
definite | levrarna | levrarnas |
lever