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“lume”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03
ca despois que anoyteçeu tornou outrosí escuro speso a sobreguisa, et nõ fazía luar nẽ lume, pouco nẽ mais.
because after nightfall it became dark, and this darkness was exceedingly thick, and it was neither moonlight nor light, no less or more
1395, Miguel González Garcés, editor, Historia de La Coruña. Edad Media, A Coruña: Caixa Galicia, page 557:
se alguas seeteyras ou lançeyros estan feytas en a parede da dicta casa, que as çarren de pedra et que as non abran nunca nen façan y outras alguas a saluo fique en o sotoo da dicta casa as lumeeyras que foren neçesarias et perteesçentes para dar lume ao dicto sotoo que non seian por maneyra de defensa algua
if some arrowslits or embrasures are built in the walls of that tower house, they must be closed in stone, never to be reopened, and they shouldn't build new ones, with this exception: that in the ground floor there should be the needed and sufficient skylights for giving light to said ground floor, as long as they are used for defending
1990, Xaquín Fernández Leiceaga, Economia (politica) do monte galego, page 103:
A hipótese básica é que os lumes, por máis que sexan intencionados, non obedecen a unha lóxica económica de potencia irregular de ano en ano, senón a causas continuamente presentes
The basic hypothesis is that forest fires, even being caused intentionally, don't follow year after year an economic logic of irregular potential, but instead causes that are continuously present
“lume” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006-2012.
Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “lume”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto XXII”, in Purgatorio [Purgatory], lines 67–69; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ.Le Lettere, 1994:
Facesti come quei che va di notte, / che porta il lume dietro e sé non giova, / ma dopo sé fa le persone dotte […]
You did as one who walks in the night, carrying his light behind, and does not help himself, but makes the people after them wary
1840–1842, Alessandro Manzoni, chapter XXXIII, in I promessi sposi, Milan: Guglielmini e Redaelli, published in I promessi sposi - Storia della colonna infame:
C’era una vernaccia!... Ma, con una buona dormita, tutto se ne va. Ho un gran sonno... Levami un po’ quel lume dinanzi, che m’accieca... mi dà una noia...!
The wine was so fine!... With a good sleep all will be well again. I am overcome by sleep... Get that lamp away from before me, it's blinding me... it troubles me so...!
1316–c. 1321, Dante Alighieri, “Canto II”, in Paradiso [Heaven], lines 64–66; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ.Le Lettere, 1994:
La spera ottava vi dimostra molti / lumi, li quali e nel quale e nel quanto / notar si posson di diversi volti.
The eighth sphere displays many lights to you, which—in their quality and quantity—can be noted of different aspects.
1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto XIII”, in Purgatorio [Purgatory], lines 85–87; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ.Le Lettere, 1994:
Volsimi a loro e: «O gente sicura», / incominciai, «di veder l'alto lume / che ’l disio vostro solo ha in cura
I turned towards them, and, "O people, certain," I began, "of seeing the high light, which is the only care of your desire
1316–c. 1321, Dante Alighieri, “Canto X”, in Paradiso [Heaven], lines 71–73; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ.Le Lettere, 1994:
si trovan molte gioie care e belle / tanto che non si posson trar del regno; / e ’l canto di quei lumi era di quelle;
Many jewels are found, so fair and precious that one cannot take them away from the realm; and the singing of those lights was one of them
(figurative, by extension,literary,poetic) a notable person within a specific field or discipline
1300s–1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto I”, in Inferno [Hell], lines 82–84; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ.Le Lettere, 1994:
O de li altri poeti onore e lume, / vagliami ’l lungo studio e ’l grande amore / che m’ha fatto cercar lo tuo volume.
"O, of the other poets honour and light, avail me the long study and great love that have impelled me to explore thy volume!
1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto I”, in Purgatorio [Purgatory], lines 37–38; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ.Le Lettere, 1994:
Li raggi delle quattro luci sante / fregiavan sì la sua faccia di lume / ch’i’ ’l vedea come ’l sol fosse davante.
The rays of the four sacred stars so adorned his face with light, that I saw him as if the sun were before him.
(painting) the manner in which the light strikes a picture; that part of a picture which represents those objects upon which the light is supposed to fall
[…] e facea alcuno effetto sopr’umano, / dar lume a ciechi, e tornar morti a vita, / fermare il vento ad un segno di croce, / e far tranquillo il mar quand’è più atroce[…].
who had done superhuman deeds; regiving sight to the blind, and restoring the dead to life; hushing the winds with a sign of the cross and pacifying the sea when at its scariest.
E vidi lagrimar que' duo bei lumi, / c'han fatto mille volte invidia al Sole; / ed udii sospirando dir parole / che farian gir i monti e stare i fiumi.
And I saw two lovely eyes that wept, that made the sun a thousand times jealous; and I heard words emerge among sighs that made the mountains move, and halted rivers.
1575, Torquato Tasso, “Canto 16”, in Gerusalemme liberata, stanza 60; republished as La Gerusalemme liberata di Torquato Tasso, Paris: Agostino Delalain; Pietro Durand; Gio. Claudio Molini, 1771:
[…] e cadde tramortita: e di diffuse / di gelato sudore: e i lumi chiuse.
and she fell to the ground, stunned, getting covered with freezing sweat, and closed her eyes.
1818–1836, Giacomo Leopardi, “I — All'Italia”, in Canti, lines 134–136; republished as Alessandro Donati, editor, Bari: publ. Laterza, 1917:
Ché, se il fato è diverso, e non consente / ch'io per la Grecia i moribondi lumi / chiuda prostrato in guerra, […]
If fate's opposed, and will not consent that I fall in war, and close my dying eyes, for Greece,
1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto VI”, in Purgatorio [Purgatory], lines 43–45; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ.Le Lettere, 1994:
Veramente a così alto sospetto / non ti fermar, se quella non ti dice / che lume fia tra 'l vero e lo 'ntelletto.
Verily, in so deep a questioning do not decide, unless she tell it thee, who light 'twixt truth and intellect shall be.
Da ciò veggiamo quanto sia utile la stampa, che rende il pubblico, e non alcuni pochi, depositario delle sante leggi, e quanto abbia dissipato quello spirito tenebroso di cabala e d’intrigo, che sparisce in faccia ai lumi ed alle scienze[…].
Hence we see the use of printing, which makes the public, and not a few individuals, the guardians of the sacred laws, and how it has dissipated the gloomy spirit of cabal and intrigue, which disappears in the face of enlightenment and sciences.
1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto XVI”, in Purgatorio [Purgatory], lines 73–75; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ.Le Lettere, 1994:
Lo cielo i vostri movimenti inizia; / non dico tutti, ma, posto ch'i' 'l dica, / lume v'è dato a bene e a malizia
The heavens your movements do initiate, I say not all; but granting that I say it, light has been given you for good and evil
Inherited from Latinlūmen(“light”) (see figurative meaning as the "light of life").
Compare also Slavic свѣтъ(světŭ), meaning both "light" and "world", and Hungarianvilág, which also originally meant "light". Doublet of lumen (SI unit of measurement), borrowed from the same Latin source.
