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Perhaps via other European languages, ultimately borrowed from Dutchmandarijn or from Portuguesemandarim, both borrowings from Malaymenteri, manteri, from Sanskritमन्त्रिन्(mantrin, “minister, councillor”) (via Hindi), from मन्त्र(mantra, “counsel, maxim, mantra”) and -इन्(-in, “an agent suffix”). The fruit meaning (“tangerine”) apparently derives from the yellow collor of a mandarin's costume.
ķīniešu ieradumu aizstāvis eiropeiski izglītots Ķīnas mandarīns misters Vū ir savdabīgs un diezgan interesants lugas tēls ― Mister Woo, a defender of Chinese traditions, a Chinese mandarin educated as a European, is a unique and quite interesting character
mandarīnu valoda ― (standard) Mandarine Chinese (language)