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Uncertain. Traditionally compared to Latinmedius(“middle”), or Proto-Indo-European*mosgʰos(“brain, marrow”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?) De Vaan mentions neither of these theories, and instead prefers a derivation from Proto-Indo-European*smer-u-lo-, from *smérus(“grease, marrow”), with the irregular change from *-r- > -d- resulting from hypercorrection similar to that of *-d- > -r- in merīdiēs(“midday”).[1]
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “medulla”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 369
Further reading
“medulla”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“medulla”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
medulla in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
medulla in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.