mr

mr

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Marathi.

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mr (plural mr)

1. Abbreviation of millirem.

• rm., rm, RM, R&M

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /mɛr/
  • Conventional anglicization: mer

Perhaps from Proto-Afroasiatic. Possible Berber cognates include the forms represented by Kabyle u-mr-an (“sorrows”), a-mur (“colic, stomachache”), and a-mrir (“embarrassment, great difficulty”). Possible Cushitic cognates include Oromo marar (“to be sick”), Baiso marni (“to be sad”), and Sidamo marar-s (“to be sick”). A proposed Omotic cognate is Yemsa mer-o (“illness”). Also compare the root Arabic م ر ض (m-r-ḍ, “related to ailment”).

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive, of people and body parts) to be(come) physically ill or in pain, to be(come) sick or diseased, to ail, to ache (+ m or m-dj: with (an ailment) or in (a body part))
2. (intransitive, of the heart/mind) to feel pity or compassion (+ n: for (someone), to hurt for, to be sorry for)
3. (intransitive) to be(come) physically painful, to sting, to cause physical pain (+ n or r: to)

   ― ḫꜣt mrt ― a painful disease

4. (intransitive, of events, words, emotions, etc.) to be(come) mentally painful, sad, distressing, unpleasant, to cause mental pain (+ r or m bꜣḥ or ḥr jb or ḥr jb n: to)
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) line 124:

     ršwj sḏd dpt.n.f zn ḫt mr

     How joyful is he who recounts what he has experienced when a painful thing passes!

5. (intransitive, of striking power, rage, etc.) to be(come) fierce, capable of inflicting pain

   ― mr nsrt ― having painful fire (literally, “painful of fire”)

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr  

mr	mr	mr	mr	mr	mr	mr	mr	mr
	from the Qaw Bowl		rare	in hieratic	in hieratic

• Demotic: mr
  • >? Old Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩⲣ (mour), possibly, as proposed by Osing^[1] based on a reading in papyrus BM 10808. However, this occurrence of ⲙⲟⲩⲣ (mour) has alternatively been read as common Sahidic Coptic ⲙⲟⲩⲣ (mour, “to bind”).^[2]

 m

1. ailment, illness, disease

   ― jrj mr ― to treat an ailment

2. physical pain
3. mental distress, misery, sorrow

   ― n mr n ― out of distress over

   ― jrj mr ― to mourn (literally, “to do sorrow”)

See under the verb above.

 m

1. (rare) sick man

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr  

mr

Possibly from a Proto-Afroasiatic *m-r (“river, channel”). Compare South Omotic *mir- (“river”), with reflexes including Aari mɨri (“river, stream”) and Dime mɪ́rɛ (“river”). A possible Semitic cognate is Sabaean 𐩣𐩧 (mr, “part of an irrigation system”). Possible Cushitic cognates include Borana Oromo mērī (“watering trough”), Tsamai mīre (“pond”), and possible Chadic cognates include Fali mirə̂ (“river”), Muskum mìrà (“oxbow lake, marigot”).

 m

1. canal, ditch, waterway
   • c. 2353 BCE – 2323 BCE, Pyramid Texts of Unas — west wall of the corridor, line 10–20, spell 317.4–5:^[3]

     
     

     jj.n wnjs r mrw.f jm(j)w jdb ꜣgb(w) mḥt wrt
     r st ḥtpw wꜣḏt sḫwt jmt ꜣḫt

     Unas has come to his canals at the shore of the waters of the great flood,
     to the place of peace with green fields in the place where the sun rises.

2. pond or pool, especially an artificial one
3. (rare, by confusion with mw) water

The distinction between the abbreviated writings of mr (“canal, pond, bowl”) — or — and š (“pool, lake, bowl”) — or — is not always clear.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr  

mr	mr	mr	mr	mr	mr	mr	mr	mr
					in hieratic	in hieratic	in hieratic	in hieratic

• Demotic: mꜣ, m
  • ⇒? Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲏⲓⲣⲓ (amēiri)
  • ⇒? Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲙⲏⲣⲉ (emēre)

 m

1. metal libation basin

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr  

mr	mr	mr

Highly disputed etymology. Hypotheses include:

• From Proto-Afroasiatic, cognate with Arabic أَمَرَة (ʔamara, “heap of stones, mound, esp. as a way-marker”), Akkadian 𒀯 (amartu, “dividing wall”), 𒋞 (amaru, “pile of bricks”), Hebrew אָמִיר (ʾāmīr, “treetop, mountain summit”).
• Metathesized from earlier *rm, from Proto-Afroasiatic *rim- (“to be raised, high, long”), cognate with Proto-Semitic *rayam- (“to be high”); compare Arabic رَيْم (raym, “abundance, hill, tumulus, step”)
• From a possible Proto-Afroasiatic *m-r (“heap of stones”), cognate with Tashelhit i-miri (“heap of stones, wall of dry stone”), a-mra (“stone buttress of a terraced field”), Central Atlas Tamazight i-mr-an (“large half-buried stones that mark off property boundaries”), Mofu-Gudur mémeré (“low stone terrace wall”).
• Related to a Semitic root *m-w-r, as in Qatabanian 𐩣𐩥𐩧𐩩𐩬 (mwrtn, “tower”), Arabic مَارَ (māra, “to come to a high place or plateau”).

 m

1. pyramid (monumental building)
   • c. 1550 B.C.E., Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, problem 59:

     mr pr-m-ws n.f jmy m 12

     A pyramid, its height 12

2. (rare) heap of corpses
   • c. 1180 B.C.E., Temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu, Inscription of the Year 5, lines 35-36:

     
     
     
     

     ptrj bjn jm.w r qꜣ n(j) pt nw tꜣy.w wmt ḥr st pꜣ smꜣ.w st jrw m mrw ḥr pꜣ.w zꜣtw m tꜣ pḥtj n(j) nswt qn m ḥꜥw.f nb wꜥ sḫmtj mjtj mnṯw nswt-bjtj wsr-mꜣꜥt-rꜥ-mr(y)-jmn zꜣ-rꜥ rꜥ-ms-s(w)-ḥqꜣ-jwnw

     Behold, they were in woe to the height of the sky, as their thick crowd was collected upon the place of their slaughter, and they were made into corpse-heaps on their soil by the might of the king, valiant in his limbs, the only lord, powerful like Montu, Dual King Usermaatre-Meryamun, Son of Ra Ramesses, Ruler of Heliopolis.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr  

mr	mr	mr	mr	mr	mr	mr
						abbreviation

• Demotic: mr

 2-lit.

1. (transitive) to bind, to tie (+ m: to or with)
2. (transitive) to tie together, to tie (pieces of wood, flax, etc.) up
3. (transitive) to fetter or bind (a captive or a captive’s limbs), to tie (a person) up
4. (reflexive, with n) to join (someone), to attach oneself to (someone)
5. (intransitive, of the mouth) to be suffering from an ailment of some kind such that the mouth is (figuratively) ‘bound’

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr  

mr	mr	mr	mr	mr	mrw	mrw
				in hieratic	in hieratic	in hieratic

• Demotic: mr, mre, mrwy, ml, mlꜣ
  • Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩⲣ (mour)

Perhaps from Proto-Afroasiatic. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *mir(Vʔ)- (“bull”): compare Akkadian 𒈪𒅕𒋾 (mīrtu, “young cow”), 𒄞𒀖 (mīru, “young bull”), Hebrew מְרִיא (mərīʾ, “fatted steer”). Possible Cushitic cognates include Hadiyya mōr-â (“bull”), Mbugu ki-mole, ki-more (“ox, bull”), possible Omotic cognates include Wolaytta mārā (“young bull”), Yemsa omoru (“bull”), and possible Chadic cognates include Mafa maray (“sacrificial bull”), Mofu-Gudur maray (“fattened bull”), Mafa mari (“bull”).

 m

1. fighting bull

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mr  

mry	mry	mr

 m

1. (rare) Ellipsis of mr-wr (“Mnevis”).

• “mr (lemma ID 71790)”, “mr (lemma ID 71810)”, “mr (lemma ID 71800)”, “mr (lemma ID 71840)”, “mr (lemma ID 880166)”, “mr (lemma ID 71780)”, “mr (lemma ID 71880)”, “mr (lemma ID 71940)”, and “Mr (lemma ID 71930)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 94.14–95.15, 95.18, 96.1–96.5, 97.3–97.12, 105.1–105.8, 105.19, 106.7–106.8
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 110–112
• Takács, Gábor (2007) Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian, volume 3, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 361–372, 392–395, →ISBN
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 213.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 146
• Lee, Sunwoo (2022) Exploring Pain in Ancient Egypt (PhD thesis), Chicago: University of Chicago, pages 58–64