mund

See also: Mund and mund'

English

Etymology

From Middle English and Old English mund, from Proto-Germanic *mundō (“hand, protection, security”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /mʊnd/, /mʌnd/
Audio (Southern England) (file)
Audio (Southern England) (file)
Rhymes: -ʊnd, -ʌnd

Noun

mund (countable and uncountable, plural munds)

(obsolete) A hand.
(obsolete) Security, granted by a king or earl, the violation of which was punished by a fine (a mundbyrd).
(obsolete) Protection; guardianship.

Derived terms

mundbreach

Anagrams

UNDM

Albanian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈmund/

Etymology 1

Uncertain: Possibly:

From Proto-Indo-European *megʰ- (“to be able”), though there's no evidence supporting the fall of the velar.
A nasal-infixed formation from the root *mewd-, whence also mudà (“possibility”), mudúoti (“to try, attempt”) and Sanskrit मुद् (mud, “to be happy, rejoice”).
From Proto-Indo-European *meHndʰ- (“to pay attention, wisdom”).
Akin to Lithuanian išmintìs (“to be able”), išmėginti (“try”), išmintìs (“wisdom”).

Alternative forms

mundënj — Arvanitika, Arbëresh
mûj, muj — Gheg

Verb

mund (aorist munda, participle mundur)

(intransitive) can, to be able to; to have the opportunity, power or ability
followed by të
1. grammatical particle used for conjunctive forms
  A mund të më tregoni shtëpinë?
  Could you show me the house?
2. (third person) could be possible; possibly, maybe, perhaps (used as a semi-auxiliary verb)
to beat, win over, conquer
(transitive) to defeat, beat; to emerge victorious (in a match, battle)
to survive, get over, beat (a fear, illness, disease)
(figurative, third person) take over (with short pronoun forms)
Më mundi gjumi.
The sleep took over me
(mediopassive) See mundem.

Conjugation

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Standard Albanian conjugation of mund (active voice)

Show compound tenses:

singular			plural
		participle		mundur


		gerund		duke mundur
		infinitive		për të mundur
1st pers.	2nd pers.	3rd pers.	1st pers.	2nd pers.	3rd pers.
indicative	present	mund	mund	mund	mundim	mundni	mundin
	imperfect	mundja	mundje	mundte	mundnim	mundnit	mundnin
	aorist	munda	munde	mundi	mundëm	mundët	mundën





perfect	kam mundur	ke mundur	ka mundur	kemi mundur	keni mundur	kanë mundur
past perfect	kisha mundur	kishe mundur	kishte mundur	kishim mundur	kishit mundur	kishin mundur
aorist II	pata mundur	pate mundur	pati mundur	patëm mundur	patët mundur	patën mundur
future¹	do të mund	do të mundësh	do të mundë	do të mundim	do të mundni	do të mundin
future perfect²	do të kem mundur	do të kesh mundur	do të ketë mundur	do të kemi mundur	do të keni mundur	do të kenë mundur
subjunctive	present	të mund	të mundësh	të mundë	të mundim	të mundni	të mundin




imperfect	të mundja	të mundje	të mundte	të mundnim	të mundnit	të mundnin
perfect	të kem mundur	të kesh mundur	të ketë mundur	të kemi mundur	të keni mundur	të kenë mundur
past perfect	të kisha mundur	të kishe mundur	të kishte mundur	të kishim mundur	të kishit mundur	të kishin mundur
conditional^{1, 2}	imperfect	do të mundja	do të mundje	do të mundte	do të mundnim	do të mundnit	do të mundnin
conditional^{1, 2}	past perfect	do të kisha mundur	do të kishe mundur	do të kishte mundur	do të kishim mundur	do të kishit mundur	do të kishin mundur
optative	present	mundsha	mundsh	mundtë	mundshim	mundshit	mundshin
optative
perfect	paça mundur	paç mundur	pastë mundur	paçim mundur	paçit mundur	paçin mundur
admirative	present	mundkam	mundke	mundka	mundkemi	mundkeni	mundkan
	imperfect	mundkësha	mundkëshe	mundkësh	mundkëshim	mundkëshit	mundkëshin


perfect	paskam mundur	paske mundur	paska mundur	paskemi mundur	paskeni mundur	paskan mundur
past perfect	paskësha mundur	paskëshe mundur	paskësh mundur	paskëshim mundur	paskëshit mundur	paskëshin mundur
imperative	present	—	mund	—	—	mundni	—
¹) indicative future identical with conditional present ²) indicative future perfect identical with conditional perfect

Derived terms

References

^ Çabej, E. (1986) Studime gjuhësore (in Albanian), volume I, Prishtinë: Rilindja, pages 357–358
^ Demiraj, B. (1997) “mund”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: ] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “mund”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 277–278
^ Meyer, G. (1891) “mund”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language] (in German), Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, →DOI, page 291
^ Jokl, Norbert (1911) Studien zur albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung (Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Klasse der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften; 168) (in German), Vienna: A. Hölder, page 58
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “3. men”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 727
^ Werner Winter (1965) Evidence for Laryngeals, The Hague, Mouton, →OCLC, page 138

Etymology 2

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *mn̥(s)-dʰh₁-. Compare Old Norse munda (“aim, strive”), Gothic 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌽 (mundōn, “look up”), Old High German muntar (“keen, eager”), Ancient Greek μανθάνω (manthánō, “learn”), Lithuanian mañdras (“alert, awake, smart, minxish”).

Alternative forms

mûn — Gheg

Noun

mund m (definite mundi)

Derived terms

Related terms

Muji

Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse muðr, munnr, from Proto-Germanic *munþaz, cognate with English mouth, German Mund.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /monˀ/,

Noun

mund c (singular definite munden, plural indefinite munde)

mouth (the opening of an animal through which food is ingested)

Declension

Declension of mund

common gender	Singular		Plural
common gender	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mund	munden	munde	mundene
genitive	munds	mundens	mundes	mundenes

Derived terms

Verb

mund

imperative of munde

Icelandic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /mʏnt/
Rhymes: -ʏnt

Etymology 1

From Old Norse mund, from Proto-Germanic *mundō.

Noun

mund f (genitive singular mundar, nominative plural mundir)

(poetic) hand

Declension

declension of mund

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
f-s2	singular		plural
nominative	mund	mundin	mundir	mundirnar
accusative	mund	mundina	mundir	mundirnar
dative	mund	mundinni	mundum	mundunum
genitive	mundar	mundarinnar	munda	mundanna

Synonyms

(hand): hönd

Derived terms

morgunstund gefur gull í mund (“the early bird catches the worm”)

Etymology 2

Related to Old Norse munda (“to aim, to strive”), Old High German muntar (“keen, eager”), from Proto-Germanic *mundraz (“alert”).

Noun

mund f (genitive singular mundar, nominative plural mundir) or mund n (genitive singular munds, nominative plural mund)

Used only in set phrases.

Declension

declension of mund

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
f-s2	singular		plural
nominative	mund	mundin	mundir	mundirnar
accusative	mund	mundina	mundir	mundirnar
dative	mund	mundinni	mundum	mundunum
genitive	mundar	mundarinnar	munda	mundanna

or

declension of mund

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
n-s	singular		plural
nominative	mund	mundið	mund	mundin
accusative	mund	mundið	mund	mundin
dative	mundi	mundinu	mundum	mundunum
genitive	munds	mundsins	munda	mundanna

Derived terms

í sömu mund/í sama mund (“at the same time”)
um þær mundir (“in those days, around that time”)

Related terms

mundur

Middle English

Alternative forms

munde, mounde, mound

Etymology

From Old English mund, from Proto-Germanic *mundō.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /muːnd/, /mund/

Noun

mund (plural moundes or munden)

Might, ability, or skill.
Magnitude, greatness, utility, or usefulness.
(rare) Protection, guarding, defence
(rare) A hand, especially as a measurement.
(rare) A band of warriors or fighters.

Descendants

English: mound, mund
Scots: moond

References

“mǒund(e, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-20.

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *mundō (“hand, guard, security”).

Cognate with Old Frisian mund m (“guardian”), Old Norse mund-r m (noun, literally “sum paid by a bridegroom for his bride”), Old Saxon mund (“hand”, noun), Old High German munt m (“protector”).