nad

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "nad"

English

Etymology 1

Noun

nad

  1. (linguistics) noun animate dependent
See also

Etymology 2

Douglas Harper suggests an abbreviation of gonad originating among biology students.

Pronunciation

  • Audio (AU)(file)

Noun

nad (plural nads)

  1. (slang, mostly plural) testicle
    • 2004, Bob Gunn, Sex, Ghosts and Gumshoes, page 119:
      I look down and the little one has already cut right through my ball sac and is in the process of slicing my left nad free.

Anagrams

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech nad, from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

Pronunciation

Preposition

nad

  1. over, above
    Antonym: pod

Further reading

  • nad in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
  • nad in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989

Anagrams

Estonian

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈnɑd̥/,
  • Rhymes: -ɑd
  • Hyphenation: nad

Pronoun

nad (genitive nende, partitive neid)

  1. short form of nemad: they

Declension

Declension of nad
3rd person singular plural
long short long short
nominative tema ta nemad nad
genitive tema ta nende nende
partitive teda neid
illative temasse tasse nendesse neisse
inessive temas tas nendes neis
elative temast tast nendest neist
allative temale talle nendele neile
adessive temal tal nendel neil
ablative temalt talt nendelt neilt
translative temaks – nendeks neiks
terminative temani – nendeni –
essive temana – nendena –
abessive temata – nendeta –
comitative temaga taga nendega –

See also

Estonian personal pronouns
singular plural
long short long short
1st person mina ma meie me
2nd person familiar sina sa teie te
polite Teie Te
3rd person animate tema ta nemad nad
inanimate see need

References

  • nad in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
  • “nad”, in Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012

Kashubian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

Preposition

nad

  1. denotes location; above, over

Further reading

  • “nad”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
  • Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “nad(e)”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎

Masurian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish nad.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key):
  • Syllabification: nad

Preposition

nad

  1. denotes location; above, over
  2. denotes motion; to above, to over
  3. denotes approximate location; near, close to
  4. denotes movement towards; to
  5. denotes object over which one has power, care, or over which one has an advantage; over
  6. denotes higher position in a hierarchy; over
  7. denotes object of action, typically of emotions, i.e. crying; over
  8. denotes cause of an emotion; over; because of
  9. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of
  10. denotes a proximate time of day; close to
  11. denotes object drawing someone's attention or action; over
  12. denotes an amount higher than another; above, over, more than

Further reading

  • Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2021) “nad”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur‎, volume 4, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, pages 224-226

Middle English

Alternative forms

Etymology

not +‎ had

Contraction

nad

  1. had not

Descendants

  • Yola: nad

References

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

Pronunciation

Preposition

nad

  1. Denotes movement; to over, to above
  2. Denotes movement; to under, to below
  3. Denotes subject of an attack etc..
  4. Denotes a higher position in comparisons; above
  5. Denotes larger amount; above, more than or
  6. Denotes first degree of comparisons; more than or
  7. With a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of
  8. Denotes additionality or excess; in addition to
  9. Denotes a manner contrary to something else.
  10. Denotes location; above, over
  11. Denotes position in a hierarchy; above, over
  12. Denotes vessel through which divine action is taken; through
  13. Denotes target of an action aimed at
  14. Denotes subject of power; over, above
  15. Denotes subject of emotion; over
  16. Denotes contradiction; despite

Descendants

References

Old Irish

Particle

nad

  1. Alternative spelling of nád

Old Polish

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

Preposition

nad

  1. denotes location; above, over
  2. denotes location; near, close to
  3. denotes time; just before
  4. denotes cause; because of
  5. denotes position in comparison; over, more than or
  6. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of
  7. denotes subject of power; above
  8. denotes subject of someones thoughts or actions in relation to, vis-a-vis
  9. denotes motion; to above, to over

Derived terms

prefix

Descendants

References

Polish

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish nad.

Pronunciation

Preposition

nad

  1. denotes location; above, over
    Synonyms: ponad, powyżej
    Coordinate terms: pod, popod
    Nad biurkiem wisi piękny obraz. ― Above the desk hangs a beautiful painting.
  2. denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by
    Mieszkają w dużym domu nad morzem. ― They live in a big house by the sea.
    Opole leży nad Odrą. ― Opole lies on the Oder.
  3. denotes motion; to above, to over
    Synonyms: ponad, powyżej
    Coordinate terms: pod, popod
    Podnieś ręce nad głowę! ― Put your hands above your head!
  4. denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to
    Antonym: znad
    W niedzielę jedziemy nad jezioro. ― We're going to the lake on Sunday.
  5. (literary) denotes position in comparison; than; over
  6. over (indicates relative status, authority or power)
    Antonym: pod
    Nauczyciel umiejętnie panuje nad klasą. ― The teacher skillfully keeps control over the class.
  7. (literary) denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state;
    Synonym: ponad
    Kocham to nad życie. ― I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.
  8. denotes subject of activities; on
    Pracuję nad scenariuszem do nowego filmu. ― I'm working on a script for a new film.
  9. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of or (stylized)
    Oj, marzy mi się pizza nad pizzami! ― Oh, I dream of the greatest of all pizzas!
    Zawisza Czarny, rycerz nad rycerzami, zginął po wzięciu do tureckiej niewoli. ― Zawisza Czarny, a knight of the knights, was killed after being captured by the Turks.

Derived terms

prefix

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), nad is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 91 times in scientific texts, 107 times in news, 101 times in essays, 127 times in fiction, and 72 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 498 times, making it the 90th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

References

  1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “nad”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎ (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 263

Further reading

  • nad in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • nad in Polish dictionaries at PWN
  • Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “nad, nade”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
  • “NAD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2008 December 17
  • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎
  • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861‎
  • J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎ (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 28

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

Univerbation of an (“in”) +‎ do (“thy”)

Preposition

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nad (+ dative)

  1. in thy; in your (singular)

Inflection

Possessive declension of an
Singular Plural
First person namL narN
Second person nadL nurN
Third person m naL nanN, namN 1)
Third person f naH
L Triggers lenition; H Triggers H-prothesis; N Triggers eclipsis; 1) Used before b-, f-, m- or p-

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. Compare na (“on, onto”), nad-, nat-.

Pronunciation

Preposition

nȁd (Cyrillic spelling на̏д)

  1. over, above (with no change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ)
    Synonym: ȉznad
    Antonym: pȍd
    nad stolom ― over the table
    vlast nad nekim ― power over somebody
    heroj nad herojima ― the greatest of all heroes
  2. over, above (usually with change of position, answering the question kùda)
    Synonym: ȉznad
    Antonym: pȍd
    Nagnuo se nad vodu. ― He leaned over the water.

References

  • “nad” in Hrvatski jezični portal

Silesian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈnat/
  • Rhymes: -at
  • Syllabification: nad

Preposition

nad

  1. denotes location; above, over
    Synonyms: pōnad, powyżyj
    Coordinate term: pod
  2. denotes movement; to above, to over
    Synonyms: pōnad, powyżyj
    Coordinate term: pod
  3. denotes position close to water; by
    Synonym: kole
  4. denotes movement close to water; to
  5. denotes object of certain actions.
  6. denotes proximity of a time; around
  7. denotes object most affceted by something.
  8. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of

Further reading

  • nad in silling.org

Slovene

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

Pronunciation

Preposition

nad

  1. over, above (stationary)
  2. over, above (motion towards)

Welsh

Etymology

See na with the same meaning. Compare Latin neque.

Pronunciation

Conjunction

nad

  1. (formal) that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, marking it for emphasis)
    Mae e’n dweud nad athro yw ef.
    He says that he is not a teacher.
  2. that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, used before a vowel)
    Mae e’n dweud nad ydy e’n mynd.
    He says that he is not going.

See also

  • mai (affirmative, emphasis)
  • taw (affirmative, emphasis)
  • na (negative, unmarked, used before a consonant)

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
nad unchanged unchanged unchanged

Further reading

  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “nad”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Yola

Etymology

From Middle English nad; equivalent to nat +‎ had.

Pronunciation

Contraction

nad

  1. had not
    • 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 58:
      Nad Ich.
      Had I (not?).

References

  • Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 58
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