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Egyptian
Pronunciation
Pronoun
du 3. stressed (‘independent’) pronoun
- you (see usage notes)
Usage notes
Unlike the suffix pronouns and dependent pronouns, the independent pronouns are not tied to any other element of the sentence. Nevertheless, the meaning of an independent pronoun depends on context:
- After an infinitive, it is the subject of the verb.
- Before a noun, its meaning can be ambiguous:
- In the first and second person, it could be the subject of a noun phrase.
- Alternatively, in all persons, it can be the predicate of a noun phrase.
- If the noun is a participle, then in all persons it could be either the subject or the predicate of a noun phrase.
- If the demonstrative pronoun pw is placed between the pronoun and the noun, the pronoun is definitely the predicate.
- Before an adjective, in the first person only, it is the subject of an adjectival phrase.
When the independent pronoun is the subject it may, but does not always, indicate an emphasised subject.
Inflection
Old Egyptian personal pronouns
|
|
number
|
first person
|
second person
|
third person
|
| masculine
|
feminine
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
| suffix pronouns
|
singular
|
∅, .j
|
.k, .kj1
|
.ṯ, .ṯn
|
.f, .fj1
|
.s, .sj1
|
| dual
|
.nj
|
.ṯnj
|
.snj
|
| plural
|
.n
|
.ṯn
|
.sn
|
|
|
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns
|
singular
|
w, wj, wy
|
kw, k, ṯw, ṯ
|
ṯm, ṯn
|
sw, s
|
s
|
| dual
|
—
|
ṯnj
|
snj
|
| plural
|
n
|
ṯn
|
sn
|
|
|
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns
|
singular
|
jnk
|
ṯwt
|
ṯmt
|
swt
|
stt
|
| dual
|
—
|
—
|
ntsnj
|
| plural
|
—
|
ntṯn
|
ntsn, jntsn
|
|
|
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings
|
singular
|
.kj, .k
|
.tj, .t
|
∅, .j
|
.tj, .t
|
| dual
|
—
|
.tjwn
|
.wy, .wj
|
.ty
|
| plural
|
.wn, .nw
|
∅, .w, .y, .wy
|
.tj, .t
|
- Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.
|
Middle Egyptian personal pronouns
|
|
number
|
first person
|
second person
|
third person
|
| masculine
|
feminine
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
| suffix pronouns
|
singular
|
∅, .j
|
.k, .kj1
|
.ṯ, .t
|
.f, .fj1
|
.s, .sj1
|
| dual2
|
.nj
|
.ṯnj, .tnj
|
.snj
|
| plural
|
.n
|
.ṯn, .tn
|
.sn, .w3
|
|
|
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns
|
singular
|
wj, w
|
ṯw, tw
|
ṯn, tn
|
sw, st
|
sj, s, st
|
| plural
|
n
|
ṯn, tn
|
sn, st
|
|
|
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns
|
singular
|
jnk
|
ntk, ṯwt2
|
ntṯ, ntt, ṯwt2
|
ntf, swt2
|
nts, swt2
|
| plural
|
jnn3
|
ntṯn, nttn
|
ntsn
|
|
|
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings
|
singular
|
.kw
|
.tj, .t, .tw3
|
∅, .w
|
.tj, .t, .tw3
|
| plural
|
.wn, .wjn
|
.tjwn, .tjwnj
|
∅, .w, .y
|
|
|
| proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns3
|
singular
|
tw.j
|
tw.k
|
tw.t
|
sw
|
sj, st
|
| plural
|
tw.n
|
tw.tn
|
st
|
- Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.
- Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.
- Only in postclassical (Neo-Middle Egyptian) texts.
|
Late Egyptian personal pronouns
|
|
number
|
first person
|
second person
|
third person
|
| masculine
|
feminine
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
| suffix pronouns
|
singular
|
∅, .j
|
.k, .kw
|
.t
|
.f, .fj
|
.s, .st, .sw
|
| plural
|
.n
|
.tn, .twn
|
.w, .sn1
|
|
|
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns1
|
singular
|
wj
|
tw, tj
|
sw, st
|
| plural
|
n, wn
|
twn
|
sn, st
|
|
|
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns
|
singular
|
jnk
|
mntk, mtwk
|
mntt, mtwy
|
mntf
|
mntst, mntjst
|
| plural
|
jnn
|
mnttn
|
mntw
|
|
|
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings1
|
singular
|
.kw, .k
|
.tj, .tw
|
∅, .w, .y
|
.tj, .tw
|
| plural
|
.nw
|
.tn
|
∅, .w, .y
|
| unmarked (later)
|
∅, .tw
|
|
|
| proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns
|
singular
|
tw.j
|
tw.k
|
tw.t
|
sw
|
st, sw
|
| plural
|
tw.n
|
tw.tn
|
st, sw, swt
|
- Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.
|
References
- Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
