otwarty

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See also: ôtwarty

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъvьrtъ. By surface analysis, odewrzeć +‎ -ty. First attested in the 15th century.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /ɔtfa(ː)rtɨː/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /ɔtfartɨ/, /ɔtfɒrtɨ/

Participle

otwarty

  1. passive adjectival participle of odewrzeć
    • 1876 [15th century], Vatroslav Jagić, editor, Archiv für slavische Philologie‎, volume XV, page 534:
      Sit... confessio... czysta, oth[w]arta (nuda), rostropna y dobrowolna
      [Sit... confessio... czysta, ot[w]arta (nuda), roztropna i dobrowolna]

Descendants

  • Masurian: ôtwarti
  • Polish: otwarty
  • Silesian: ôtwarty

References

  • Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “otwarty”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish otwarty. By surface analysis, odewrzeć +‎ -ty.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ɔˈtfar.tɨ/
  • (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ɔtˈfar.tɨ/
  • Audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -artɨ
  • Syllabification: o‧twar‧ty

Participle

otwarty (passive adjectival)

  1. passive adjectival participle of otworzyć
  2. passive adjectival participle of odewrzeć

Adjective

otwarty (not generally comparable, comparative otwartszy or bardziej otwarty, superlative najotwartszy or najbardziej otwarty, derived adverb otwarcie)

  1. open (not limited or closed)
    Antonym: zamknięty
  2. open (not covered)
    Synonyms: odkryty, odsłonięty
    Antonym: kryty
  3. (medicine) open (of a wound, resulting from an incision, puncture or any other process by which the skin no longer protects an internal part of the body)
    Synonym: żywy
  4. open (available or accessible)
    Antonym: zamknięty
  5. open (receptive)
    Synonyms: bezpośredni, roztwarty, szczery
    Antonym: zamknięty
  6. open (candid, ingenuous, not subtle in character)
    Synonyms: bezpośredni, roztwarty, szczery
  7. open (public, not hidden; with open access, of open science, or both)
    Synonym: nieukrywany
    Antonym: utajony
    1. (computing) open-source
  8. open (not settled or adjusted; not decided or determined; not closed or withdrawn from consideration)
    Synonym: nierozstrzygnięty
  9. open (actively conducting or prepared to conduct business)
    Synonym: czynny
    Antonyms: nieczynny, zamknięty
  10. (phonology) open (of a vowel; uttered with a relatively wide opening of the articulating organs)
    Synonym: zamknięty
  11. open (not physically drawn together, closed, folded or contracted; extended)
    • 1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum‎, page 761b:
      Patulico […] patulus fio […] . Ieſtem otwarti.
    • 1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum‎, page b:
      Propatulus – Szeroko otwarti.

Declension

Declension of otwarty (hard)
singular plural
masculine animate masculine inanimate feminine neuter virile (= masculine personal) non-virile
nominative otwarty otwarta otwarte otwarci otwarte
genitive otwartego otwartej otwartego otwartych
dative otwartemu otwartej otwartemu otwartym
accusative otwartego otwarty otwartą otwarte otwartych otwarte
instrumental otwartym otwartą otwartym otwartymi
locative otwartym otwartej otwartym otwartych

Derived terms

adverbs
nouns
verbs

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), otwarty is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 12 times in scientific texts, 16 times in news, 10 times in essays, 23 times in fiction, and 11 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 72 times, making it the 896th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

References

  1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “otwarty”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎ (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 348

Further reading

  • otwarty in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • otwarty in Polish dictionaries at PWN
  • Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “otwarty”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
  • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “otwarty”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎
  • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “otwarty”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861‎
  • J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “otwarty”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎ (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 910
  • otwarty in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
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