pꜣj

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Egyptian

Etymology

Compare with Classical Syriac ܦܪܚ (peraḥ).

Pronunciation

Verb

ppAAH5

 3ae inf.

  1. (intransitive) to fly

Inflection

Conjugation of pꜣj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: pꜣ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
pꜣt, pꜣj
 pꜣw, pꜣ
 pꜣt, pꜣwt, pꜣyt
 pꜣ
 pꜣ, pꜣy
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
pꜣ8
 ḥr pꜣt, ḥr pꜣj
 m pꜣt, m pꜣj
 r pꜣt, r pꜣj
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active contingent
aspect / mood active
perfect pꜣ.n
 consecutive pꜣ.jn
terminative pꜣt, pꜣyt
perfective3 pꜣ
 obligative1 pꜣ.ḫr
imperfective pꜣ, pꜣy
prospective3 pꜣw, pꜣ, pꜣy
 potentialis1 pꜣ.kꜣ
subjunctive pꜣ, pꜣy
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active active passive
perfect pꜣ.n
 — —
perfective pꜣw1, pꜣy, pꜣ
 pꜣ
 pꜣy, pꜣ
imperfective pꜣ, pꜣy, pꜣw5
 pꜣ, pꜣj6, pꜣy6
 pꜣ, pꜣw5
prospective pꜣw1, pꜣy, pꜣ, pꜣtj7
 pꜣwtj1 4, pꜣtj4, pꜣt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.
  8. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Synonyms

Determiner

G41Ay

 m sg demonstrative determiner

  1. (Late Egyptian) this, that

Usage notes

This demonstrative was primarily a determiner but could also be used alone, as a pronoun. When used as a determiner it precedes the noun it describes.

Inflection

Old Egyptian demonstratives
determiners pronouns1 adverbs
number singular dual plural unmarked
gender masculine feminine masculine feminine masculine feminine unmarked
proximal to speaker pn
 tn, jtn
 *jpnj
 *jptnj
 jpn
 jptn
 nn
 —
distal pf
 tf
 *jpfj
 *jptfj
 jpf
 jptf
 nf
 —
proximal to spoken of pj, pw, py, p
 tj, tw, jtw
 jpwj
 *jptwj
 jpw
 jptw
 nw
 —
vocative pꜣ
 tꜣ
 —
 —
 —
 —
 nꜣ
 ꜥꜣ
  1. Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.
Middle Egyptian demonstratives
determiners and pronouns adverbs
number singular plural1
gender masculine feminine unmarked
proximal pn
 tn
 nn
 ꜥn
distal pf, pfꜣ
 tf, tfꜣ
 nf, nfꜣ
 ꜥf
‘copula’; vocative pw, pwy
 tw, twy
 nw
 —
anaphoric pꜣ
 tꜣ
 nꜣ
 ꜥꜣ
  1. Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.
Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
masculine feminine plural adverb
pronoun pꜣw
 dj
determiners and pronouns pꜣj
 tꜣj
 nꜣj
possessive determiners (used with suffix pronouns) pꜣy
 tꜣy
 nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’) p-n, pꜣ
 t-nt, tꜣ
 nꜣyw, nꜣ
definite articles pꜣ
 tꜣ
 nꜣ1
indefinite articles wꜥ1
 nhꜣy1
  1. Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.

Descendants

  • Coptic: ⲡⲁⲓ̈ (paï), ⲡⲉ (pe)

References

  • Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page 53
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