painajainen
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John Henry Fuseli: Nightmare.
Finnish
Etymology
painaa (“to press”) + -jainen – originally, painajainen was a demon that sat on a sleeping person's chest, thus pressing it and causing bad dreams.
Pronunciation
Noun
painajainen
- (mythology) nightmare (demon)
- nightmare (bad dream)
- nähdä painajaista ― to see a nightmare
- nightmare (bad experience)
Declension
| Inflection of painajainen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | painajainen | painajaiset | |
| genitive | painajaisen | painajaisten painajaisien | |
| partitive | painajaista | painajaisia | |
| illative | painajaiseen | painajaisiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | painajainen | painajaiset | |
| accusative | nom. | painajainen | painajaiset |
| gen. | painajaisen | ||
| genitive | painajaisen | painajaisten painajaisien | |
| partitive | painajaista | painajaisia | |
| inessive | painajaisessa | painajaisissa | |
| elative | painajaisesta | painajaisista | |
| illative | painajaiseen | painajaisiin | |
| adessive | painajaisella | painajaisilla | |
| ablative | painajaiselta | painajaisilta | |
| allative | painajaiselle | painajaisille | |
| essive | painajaisena | painajaisina | |
| translative | painajaiseksi | painajaisiksi | |
| abessive | painajaisetta | painajaisitta | |
| instructive | — | painajaisin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
Synonyms
- (demon): mara (in Western dialects), ajajainen
- (bad dream): painajaisuni
Derived terms
compounds
Descendants
- → Karelian: (calque)
- North Karelian: painajaini
See also
Further reading
- “painajainen”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03