par

English

Etymology 1

Abbreviations

Noun

par

1. Abbreviation of paragraph.
   • 2022, Liam McIlvanney, The Heretic, page 419:

     And this particular Chisolm — as the papers had spelled out in headlines and opening pars — had been a soldier, a corporal in the British Army.

2. Abbreviation of parenthesis.
3. Abbreviation of parish.

Adjective

par

1. Abbreviation of parallel.

Etymology 2

Borrowed from French par (“through, by”), from Latin per (“through”). Doublet of per.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /pɑː/
• (US) IPA^(key): /pɑɹ/, ,

• Audio (Southern England)

  (file)

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)
• Homophones: pa (non-rhotic), pah (non-rhotic; etymology 2), paw (non-rhotic with cot-caught and father-bother mergers)

Preposition

par

1. (in compounds) By; with.

Usage notes

• Used frequently in Middle English in phrases taken from French, being sometimes written as a part of the word which it governs; as, par amour, or paramour; par cas, or parcase; par fay, or parfay.

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Latin pār (“equal”).

Noun

par (countable and uncountable, plural pars)

1. Equal value; equality of nominal and actual value; the value expressed on the face or in the words of a certificate of value, as a bond or other commercial paper.
2. Equality of condition or circumstances.
4. (golf, mostly uncountable) The allotted number of strokes to reach the hole.

   He needs to make this shot for par.

5. (golf, countable) A hole in which a player achieves par.
   • 2009 January 18, “Paul Casey storms to four-stroke lead in Abu Dhabi”, in Herald Sun‎:

     Kaymer started with six straight pars before making a birdie on the seventh and an eagle on the eighth.

6. (UK) An amount which is taken as an average or mean.

Coordinate terms

(golf score):

• buzzard
• bogey
• birdie
• eagle
• albatross
• condor
• ostrich

Derived terms

Verb

par (third-person singular simple present pars, present participle parring, simple past and past participle parred)

1. (transitive, golf) To reach the hole in the allotted number of strokes.

   He will need to par every hole in order to win this game.

Etymology 4

Noun

par (plural pars)

1. Alternative form of parr (“young salmon”)

Etymology 5

Borrowed from Jamaican Creole, itself from partner.

Verb

par (third-person singular simple present pars, present participle parring, simple past and past participle parred)

1. (MLE, MTE) To associate, to chill, to hang.
   • 2007 May 21, “Sirens” (track 3), in Maths + English‎, performed by Dizzee Rascal:

     Par with the hard heads and young offenders.

   • 2014 September 27, “Fire in the Booth”‎performed by Stormzy:

     I par with the best, this is bars in the flesh.

   • 2016 August 12, “Don't run” (track 2), in PARTYNEXTDOOR 3(PX3)‎, performed by PARTYNEXTDOOR:

     Don't par wih a broke boy, I'll do the most.

See also

Anagrams

• APR, ARP, Apr, Apr., Arp, PRA, RAP, RPA, Rap, apr, arp, rap

Ambonese Malay

Etymology

Borrowed from Portuguese para.

Preposition

par

1. for
2. in order to

   par bali roko ― in order to buy tobacco

References

• D. Takaria, C. Pieter (1998) Kamus Bahasa Melayu Ambon-Indonesia‎, Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa

Aromanian

Etymology 1

From Latin pāreō. Compare Daco-Romanian părea, par.

Alternative forms

• paru, ampar, apar, aparu

Verb

par first-singular present indicative (past participle pãrutã)

1. to seem, appear

Derived terms

• pãreari / pãreare
• pãrut

See also

• undzescu

Etymology 2

From Latin pālus. Compare Daco-Romanian par.

Alternative forms

• paru

Noun

par

1. stake

Related terms

• mpar

Chavacano

Etymology

Inherited from Spanish par (“pair”).

Noun

par

1. pair

Danish

Etymology 1

From late Old Danish par, from Middle Low German par, from Latin pār.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):
• Rhymes: -ar

Noun

par n (singular definite parret, plural indefinite par)

1. pair
2. couple

Inflection

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English par.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

Noun

par c

1. (golf) par (the allotted number of strokes to reach the hole)

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

Verb

par

1. imperative of parre

Faroese

Etymology

From late Old Norse par, from Middle Low German par, from Latin pār.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pʰɛaːɹ/
• Rhymes: -ɛaːɹ

Noun

par n (genitive singular pars, plural pør)

1. pair

Declension

French

Etymology

Inherited from Middle French par, from Old French par, from Latin per, from Proto-Indo-European *peri.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /paʁ/

• audio

  (file)

• Homophones: pars, part
• Rhymes: -aʁ

Preposition

par

1. through

   par la fenêtre ― through the window

   aller par le parc ― go through the park

2. by (used to introduce a means; used to introduce an agent in a passive construction)

   voyager par train ― travel by train

   par surprise ― by surprise

   le bateau est attaqué par des pirates. ― the boat is attacked by pirates.

3. over (used to express direction)

   Viens par ici ! ― Come over here!

4. from (used to describe the origin of something, especially a view or movement)

   voir par devant ― see from the back

   le liquide est arrivé par le robinet ― the liquid arrived from the tap

5. around, round (inside of)

   par tout le cinéma ― all around the cinema

6. on (situated on, used in certain phrases)

   par terre ― on the ground

7. on, at, in (used to denote a time when something occurs)

   par un beau jour ― on a nice day

   par un soir ― in one evening

8. in

   marcher par deux ― walk in twos

9. per, a, an

   trois fois par semaine ― three times a week

10. out of (used to describe the reason for something)

    par pure colère ― out of pure anger

    par tristesse ― out of sadness

11. for

Derived terms

• de par
• par ici
• par là
• par-ci, par-là

Descendants

• → English: par

Noun

par m (plural pars)

1. (golf) par

Further reading

• “par”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé , 2012.

Anagrams

• rap

Friulian

Etymology

From Latin per.

Preposition

par

1. for
2. through
3. by

Gabrielino-Fernandeño

Alternative forms

• paar /paːr/, pa'r
• paara'

Etymology

From Proto-Uto-Aztecan *pa.

Noun

par

1. water

References

• Kroeber, Shoshonean Dialects of California, in University of California Publications: American archaeology and ethnology, volume 4, page 81
• HG

German

Determiner

par (invariable)

1. Obsolete spelling of paar (“a few, couple”)

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pʰaːr/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aːr

Etymology 1

From Middle Low German par, from Latin pār (“equal”).

Noun

par n (genitive singular pars, nominative plural pör)

1. pair
2. a couple, two people who are dating
3. (poker) pair

Declension

Synonyms

• (pair): tvenna

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English par.

Noun

par n (genitive singular pars, no plural)

1. (golf) par

Declension

Indo-Portuguese

Etymology

From Portuguese para, from Old Galician-Portuguese pera, from Latin per (“through”) + ad (“to”).

Preposition

par

1. (Diu) to (indicates indirect object)
   • 1883, Hugo Schuchardt, Kreolische Studien, volume 3:

     Já fallou par su pai aquêl mais piquin, […]

     The youngest one told (literally: said to) his father

2. (Diu) for (indicates subject of an infinitive)
   • 1883, Hugo Schuchardt, Kreolische Studien, volume 3:

     Trasê tamêm um vaquinh bem gord e matá par nós comê e par nós regalá:

     Bring also a small and very fat cow and kill (it) for us to eat and for us to regale ourselves:

Istriot

Etymology

From Latin per.

Preposition

par

1. for
2. through

Jamaican Creole

Etymology

Clipping of partner.

Verb

par

1. To associate, to chill, to hang.
   • 2002 November 12, “Get Busy” (track 5), in Dutty Rock‎, performed by Sean Paul:

     Yo, sexy ladies waan par wid us. Inna di car wid us, dem nah war wid us

     Yo, sexy ladies want to chill with us. In the car with us, they don't war with us.

   • 2007 January 1, “The Traffic Jam” (track 5), in Mind Control‎, performed by Stephen Marley, Damian Marley, and Julian Marley:

     DAMIAN MARLEY:Cause him too par with we, we here when Demus show love

     Because he also associated with us, we were here when Chaka Demus showed love.

   • 2009 June 16, “No Cocaine” (track 2), in Escape From Babylon‎, performed by Alborosie:

     Mi na go par with T.Montana neither Pablo Escobar

     I'm not going to hang out with Tony Montana or Pablo Escobar.

Kaqchikel

Etymology

From Proto-Mayan *pahay.

Noun

par

1. skunk

References

• Brown, R. McKenna, Maxwell, Judith M., Little, Walter E. (2006) ¿La ütz awäch? Introduction to Kaqchikel Maya Language, Austin: University of Texas Press, page 237
• Ruyán Canú, Déborah, Coyote Tum, Rafael, Munson L., Jo Ann (1991) Diccionario cakchiquel central y español‎ (in Spanish), Instituto Lingüístico de Verano de Centroamérica, page 180

Latin

Etymology

Unclear. A traditional reconstruction is Proto-Indo-European *per(h₂)- (“to exchange”), comparing Ancient Greek πέρνημι (pérnēmi) etc. and Lithuanian pirkti; but this accounts badly for the /a(ː)/. De Vaan suggests *peh₂s- (“to watch (over), see?”), linking Latin pāreō. All possibilities nonetheless suffer semantic problems. Others refrain from assigning an Indo-European root.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /paːr/,
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /par/,

Adjective

pār (genitive paris, comparative parior, superlative parissimus, adverb pariter); third-declension one-termination adjective

1. even (of a number)
2. equal

   Synonyms: aequus, aequālis, compār, adaequātus

   Antonyms: dispār, inaequālis, impār, inīquus

3. like
4. suitable

Declension

Third-declension one-termination adjective.

Noun

pār m or f (genitive paris); third declension

1. companion, comrade, mate, spouse

Declension

Third-declension noun (i-stem).

Noun

pār n (genitive paris); third declension

1. pair, couple

Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, “pure” i-stem).

Derived terms

Descendants

See also

• aequus
• similis

References

• “par”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “par”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers

Latvian

Preposition

par (with accusative)

1. about, on
2. than
3. for (price)
4. as

Maltese

Etymology

Borrowed from Sicilian paru.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /paːr/

Noun

par m (plural pari)

1. couple, pair

Derived terms

Middle French

Etymology

From Old French par.

Conjunction

par

1. by (introduces an agent)
   • 1532, François Rabelais, Pantagruel:

     Comment Epistemon qui avoit la teste tranchée, fut guery habillement par Panurge.

     How Epistemon who had his head cut off was adroitly cured by Panurge

Descendants

• French: par
  • → English: par

Northern Kurdish

Etymology

From *p- + *ar-, cognate with Avestan 𐬫𐬁𐬭𐬆- (yārə-, “year”), English year, all from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r- (“year”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pɑːɾ/

Noun

par f

1. share, part

Noun

par f

1. last year

Adverb

par

1. last year

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

par n (definite singular paret, indefinite plural par, definite plural para or parene)

1. a pair

   et par sko ― a pair of shoes

2. a couple
3. a few (determiner)

   for et par dager siden ― a few days ago

Derived terms

• brudepar
• ektepar
• kongepar
• parvis

Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:

par (golf)

Wikipedia ^no

Noun

par n

1. (golf, uncountable) par

   ett slag under par ― one stroke under par

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /paːr/,

Etymology 1

From Old Norse par, from Middle Low German par, from Latin paria (“equals”), neuter plural of pār. Akin to English pair.

Noun

par n (definite singular paret, indefinite plural par, definite plural para)

1. a pair

   eit par sko ― a pair of shoes

2. a couple
3. a few (determiner)

   for eit par dagar sidan ― a few days ago

Derived terms

• brudepar
• ektepar
• kongepar
• parvis

Etymology 2

From English par.

Noun

par n

1. (golf, uncountable) par

   eitt slag under par ― one stroke under par

References

• “par” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old French

Etymology

From Latin per.

Conjunction

par

1. by; via (introduces a medium)
   • c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:

     Tost m'oceïst par son orguel.

     Soon, he killed with his pride.

2. because of; due to (introduces a medium)
   • c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:

     Premiers sont au mostier venu,
     La furent par devocion

     The first ones came to the minster,
     they were there to pray

3. by
   • c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:

     L'une a l'autre par la main prise,

     They took each other by the hand

4. by; through; across
   • c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:

     Li cheval par le chanp s'an fuient.

     The horses fled through the field

5. by (introduces an exclamation)
   • c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:

     "Sire, par Deu et par sa croiz!

     "Sire! By God and by his cross!"

6. in (at a location)

Descendants

• Middle French: par
  • French: par
    • → English: par
• Lorrain: poir
• Picard: per

Phalura

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /par/

Adverb

par (Perso-Arabic spelling پر)

1. suddenly

Alternative forms

• pras

References

• Liljegren, Henrik, Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /par/
• Rhymes: -ar
• Syllabification: par

Noun

par

1. genitive plural of para
2. genitive plural of pary

Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese par, from Latin pār (“equal, like”), from Proto-Indo-European *per (“exchange”).

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Hyphenation: par

Noun

par m (plural pares)

1. pair
2. partner
3. couple
4. peer
5. (golf) par

Derived terms

• grupo de pares

Adjective

par m or f (plural pares, not comparable)

1. (mathematics) even

   Antonym: ímpar

Related terms

• díspar
• ímpar
• paridade

Romagnol

Etymology

Inherited from Latin per (“by means of”). Compare Italian per (“for; to; through”).

Preposition

par

1. for
2. to

References

• Masotti, Adelmo (1996) Vocabolario Romagnolo Italiano [Romagnol-Italian dictionary] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, page 418

Romanian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin pālus (“stake”), from Proto-Italic *pākslos, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ-slos, from *peh₂ǵ-.

Noun

par m (plural pari)

1. stake
2. club, bat

Declension

Related terms

• împăra

See also

• țeapă

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin par.

Adjective

par m or n (feminine singular pară, masculine plural pari, feminine and neuter plural pare)

1. (of an integer) even; divisible by two

   Antonym: impar

Declension

Etymology 3

Form of părea.

Verb

par

1. inflection of părea:
   1. first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive
   2. third-person plural present indicative

Sassarese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /par/

Preposition

par

1. Alternative form of pa', sometimes used before vowel sounds
   • 1989, Giovanni Maria Cherchi, “Dipididda [Parting]”, in La poesia di l'althri [The poetry of others] (overall work in Italian and Sassarese), Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, page 15:

     […] O me’ ziddài, digussì bedda
     e àipra, eu t’aggiu di dagà par eddu

     O town of mine, so beautiful and harsh, I'll have to leave you for it

References

• Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Borrowed from German Paar, from Latin par (“equal, like”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pâːr/

Noun

pȃr m (Cyrillic spelling па̑р)

1. pair, couple
2. (informal) few, handful, several

Declension

Derived terms

• pȃran

Slovene

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pàːr/

Noun

pár m inan

1. pair
2. some, a couple (of)
3. couple (two partners)
4. (golf) par
5. (card games) (poker) pair

Inflection

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Synonyms

• (some): nekaj

See also

Poker hands in Slovene · poker karte (layout · text)
najvišja karta	par	dva para	tris	lestvica, kenta
barva	full house	poker	barvna lestvica	kraljeva lestvica

Further reading

• “par”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin pār (“equal, like”), from Proto-Indo-European *per (“exchange”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾ/

• Audio (Colombia):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: par

Adjective

par m or f (masculine and feminine plural pares)

1. even (divisible by two)

   Antonym: impar

Derived terms

Noun

par m (plural pares)

1. pair (two of the same or similar items that go together)

   un par de calcetines

   a pair of socks

2. couple (two of the same or similar items)

   bebí un par de cervezas

   I drank a couple of beers

3. (physics) two equal non-collinear forces; that is a force couple in Newtonian mechanics
4. peer (somebody who is, or something that is, at a level equal)
5. some, a few

Noun

par f (plural pares)

1. (finance) par (acceptable level)

Derived terms

Related terms

Further reading

• “par”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

Swedish

Pronunciation

• audio

  (file)

Noun

par n

1. a pair, a couple (either two or a few of something)
2. a couple, two people who are dating

Declension

Related terms

Anagrams

• apr, rap

Tagalog

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾ/,

Noun

par (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜇ᜔)

1. (colloquial) Clipping of pare.

Tok Pisin

Noun

par

1. stingray

Venetian

Alternative forms

• paro
• pèr

Etymology

From Latin pār. Compare Italian paio.

Noun

par m (plural pari)

1. pair

West Frisian

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

par c (plural parren, diminutive parke)

1. pear

Further reading

• “par”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011