pengaled

Welsh

Etymology

From pen (“head”) +‎ caled (“hard”).^[1]

Adjective

pengaled (feminine singular pengaled, plural pengaled, equative mor bengaled, comparative mwy pengaled, superlative mwyaf pengaled)

hard-headed, stubborn, obstinate, headstrong^[1]
Synonyms: cyndyn, (y)styfnig, penstiff, gwargaled

Derived terms

pengaledwch (“stubbornness”)

Noun

y bengaled f (uncountable)

knapweed (Centaurea spp.)
1. common knapweed (Centaurea nigra)^[1]^[2]
  Synonyms: cramennog, madfelen, dauwynebog, y bengaled (leiaf) benddu, y bengaled ddu, y bengaled goch
2. cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)^[1]
  Synonym: glas yr ŷd
scabious (Scabiosa ssp.), especially field scabious (Knautia arvensis)^[1]
Synonyms: clafrllys, clafrllys y maes

Hyponyms

pengaled seraidd Malta (“Maltese star-thistle”)
y bengaled arw (“rough star-thistle”)
y bengaled benfawr (“giant knapweed”)
y bengaled fawr, y bengaled fwyaf, y bengaled goch (“greater knapweed”)
y bengaled felen (“yellow starthistle”)
y bengaled groesryw (“hybrid knapweed”)
y bengaled (las) yr ŷd (“cornflower”)
y bengaled (leiaf) benddu, y bengaled ddu, y bengaled goch (“common knapweed”)
y bengaled lwytgoch (“brown knapweed”)
y bengaled seraidd (“red starthistle”)
y bengaled seraidd fach (“lesser starthistle”)

Other derived terms

pengaled Rwsia (“Russian knapweed”)
gorfanadl y bengaled (“knapweed broomrape”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of *pengaled*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
pengaled	bengaled	mhengaled	phengaled

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “pengaled”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
^ Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd (2003) Planhigion Blodeuol, Conwydd a Rhedyn [Flowering Plants, Conifers and Ferns] (Cyfres Enwau Creaduriaid a Planhigion; 2)‎ (in Welsh), Llanrwst: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, →ISBN, page 61‎

[GPC-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “pengaled”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[2] Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd (2003) Planhigion Blodeuol, Conwydd a Rhedyn [Flowering Plants, Conifers and Ferns] (Cyfres Enwau Creaduriaid a Planhigion; 2)‎ (in Welsh), Llanrwst: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, →ISBN, page 61‎

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