per

per

1. (international standards) ISO 639-2/B language code for Persian.

English Wikipedia has an article on:

per

Wikipedia

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /pɜː(ɹ)/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /pɝ/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)
• Homophone: purr

From Latin per (“through, during”), from Proto-Indo-European *per. Doublet of par.

per

1. For each.

   Admission is £10 per person.

   miles per gallon

   beats per minute

   $2.50 per dozen

2. To each, in each (used in expressing ratios of units).

   12 inches per foot

   100 centimeters per meter

3. (medicine) By the, by means of the, via the, through the.

   Introduce the endoscope per nasum.

   The medication is to be administered per os.

4. In accordance with, as per

   I parked my car at the curb per your request.

   Implement a program that computes the approximate grade level needed to comprehend some text, per the below.

   Note that while the walkthrough illustrates that words may be separated by more than one space, you may assume, per the specifications above, that no sentences will contain more than one space in a row.

• In senses equivalent to "each", per is typically followed by a singular noun phrase with no determiner.

  Take one pill per day, not *Take one pill per a day.

• The common exception is its use with plural noun phrases, although these are almost always limited to large round numbers such as 100, 1,000, 10,000...

  The abortion rate in the U.S. has dropped since 1980 from nearly 30 per 1,000 women of childbearing age to less than 20.

• In medical senses, per is followed by the name of an orifice in Latin rather than English (for example, per os, per rectum, per vaginam); in the postwar era there has been a continual shift toward preferring an English equivalent, especially for patients as audience but also even for fellow professionals (as medical literature audience): by mouth or orally, rectally, vaginally. (More at Wikipedia at plain language.)

• (abbreviation) p, p., /, ⅌ UTF-16 0x214C, introduced in Unicode 4.1.0 (March 2005)
• an, a

• per- (as in perfect, perfection and perplex)

Shortening of person, coined by Marge Piercy in Woman on the Edge of Time (1979)

per (third-person singular, gender-neutral, nominative case, accusative per, possessive adjective pers, possessive noun pers, reflexive perself)

1. (rare, nonstandard) They (singular). Gender-neutral neologistic third-person singular subject pronoun, coordinate with gendered pronouns he and she.
   • 1997 April 22, Anthony and Joy Hilbert, “ASB: Info PDQ please re local group rules”, in alt.sex.bondage (Usenet):

     This is the same place the Houghtons came from? The place where someone we interacted with thought of going into law as a profession, decided per couldn't because per was a bdsmer, and most of the USAmerican bdsmers per was discussing it with agreed with per?

2. (rare, nonstandard) Them (singular) Neologistic gender-neutral third-person singular object pronoun, suggested for use in place of him and her.
   • 1997 April 22, Anthony and Joy Hilbert, “ASB: Info PDQ please re local group rules”, in alt.sex.bondage (Usenet):

     This is the same place the Houghtons came from? The place where someone we interacted with thought of going into law as a profession, decided per couldn't because per was a bdsmer, and most of the USAmerican bdsmers per was discussing it with agreed with per?

   • 1998, Katherine Phelps, “Odysseus, She”, in Storytronics‎:

     "Kalypso!" I call out as phe disappears on the horizon. I did not know it, but I loved per.

   • 2006 November 15, Richard Ekins, Dave King, The transgender phenomenon, Sage Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, LCC HQ77.9.E55 2006, page 160:

     Whereas Christie had flirted with a lesbian identity prior to surgery, following surgery Christie found perself able to pursue per attraction to men, provided they related to per as a non-gendered person.

• (singular) they
• ey, e, sie, shi, ze

• (as subject): he, she
• (as object): him, her

• perself

per (not comparable)

1. (rare, nonstandard) Belonging to per, their (singular). Gender-neutral third-person singular possessive adjective, coordinate with gendered his and her.
   • 2006, Richard Ekins, Dave King, The transgender phenomenon, Sage Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, LCC HQ77.9.E55 2006, page 160:

     Whereas Christie had flirted with a lesbian identity prior to surgery, following surgery Christie found perself able to pursue per attraction to men, provided they related to per as a non-gendered person.

• (singular) their
• eir, hir

• his, her

• pers

• other attested

• EPR, ERP, RPE, Rep, Rep., pre, pre-, rep

Inherited from Navarro-Aragonese per, from Latin per.

• IPA^(key): /ˈpe(ɾ)/
• Rhymes: -e(ɾ)
• Syllabification: per

per

1. through, via: used in indicating the medium through which passage occurs
2. at, during, in: used in indicating the time at which an event occurs
3. during, for: used in indicating the duration of time for which an event occurs
4. because, because of: used in indicating the reason an action was undertaken
5. by: used in indicating the agent responsible for an action
6. for each; for every
7. a, for, per: used in indicating a rate of exchange

• In eastern dialects, when the preposition per is followed by a masculine definite article, el sg, els pl or los pl, it is contracted with it to the forms pel sg or pels pl respectively.

• por (western dialects)

Aragonario

• peru

From Latin pilus. Compare Romanian păr.

per m (plural peri)

1. hair

• piros

From Latin pirus. Compare Romanian păr.

per m (plural peri)

1. pear tree

• pearã

From Latin per.

per

1. through, out (through somewhere)

   Foron pel camín

   They went through the path

2. by means of, by way of, by, via

   Mandótelo per corréu lletrónicu

   He/She sent it to you via email

3. for, during (a period of time)

   Tuvieron per trés díes na montaña

   They were in the mountain for three days

4. per, each

   Son diez euros per artículu

   It costs ten euros per item

From Middle Breton per, from Proto-Brythonic *per, a borrowing from Latin pira, plural of pirum. Cognate with Cornish per, Welsh pêr.

per f (singulative perenn)

1. pears

• gwez-per
• per-douar
• pereg
• perenn
• perenneg
• perennek
• perid
• sistr per

From Proto-Celtic *kʷaryos. Compare Cornish per, Welsh pair.

per m (plural perioù)

1. cauldron

• chaoudouron
• kaoter
• pothouarn

Inherited from Old Catalan per, from Latin per, appropriating the senses of Latin prō as well.

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic)
• IPA^(key): (Valencia)

• Audio:

  (file)

per

1. through, via: used in indicating the medium through which passage occurs
2. at, during, in: used in indicating the time at which an event occurs
3. during, for: used in indicating the duration of time for which an event occurs
4. because, because of: used in indicating the reason an action was undertaken
5. (when followed by a verbal noun) used in indicating the activity one intends to do because of an action

   El meu germà anirà a Tahití per vacar a la platja.

   My brother will go to Tahiti (in order) to vacation on the beach.

6. by: used in indicating the agent responsible for an action
7. for each; for every
8. a, for, per: used in indicating a rate of exchange

• When the preposition per is followed by a masculine definite article, el sg or els pl, it is contracted with it to the forms pel sg or pels pl respectively. If el would be elided to the form l’ because it is before a word beginning with a vowel, the elision to per l’ takes precedence over contracting to pel.

• “per” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

From Middle High German bër, from Old High German bero, from Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô (“bear”). Cognate with German Bär, English bear.

per m

1. (Luserna) bear

• Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter , Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

From Middle High German ber, from Old High German beri, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją (“berry”). Cognate with German Beere, English berry.

per n (plural pern)

1. (Luserna) berry

• Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter , Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

From Middle Cornish per, from Proto-Brythonic *per, a borrowing from Latin pira, plural of pirum. Cognate with Breton per, Welsh pêr.

per f (singulative peren)

1. pears

• IPA^(key):

per

1. genitive plural of pero

per

1. second-person singular imperative of prát

per (abbreviated pr.)

1. For each; for every

   Motoren roterer 1000 gange per minut.

   The engine rotates 1000 times per minute.

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛr

per

1. for each; for every; per

   De motor draait 1000 toeren per minuut.

   The engine goes 1000 revolutions per minute.

2. by means of

   Kom je per auto of per spoor?

   Are you coming by car or by rail?

• per abuis
• per ongeluk
• per omgaande

• rep

Borrowed from Latin per.

• IPA^(key):

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: per

per

1. by means of, with

   Li skribis per plumo. ― He wrote with a pen.

• kun

From Latin per.

• IPA^(key): /ˈper/,
• Rhymes: -er
• Hyphenation^(key): per

per

1. per (for each, to each)

   Synonyms: kohden, kohti, (ablative case) -lta

   viisi euroa per metri ― five euros per metre

2. (business, accounting) per (indicating date, due date, date of maturity, etc.)

   Laskumme 1 000 e per 15.6. ― Our invoice for Eur 1,000 due on 15 June

   Tilin saldo per 31.12. ― Account balance on 31 December

• “per”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

• Audio:

  (file)

per

1. per, via, by, in acccordance with

   per Gesetz ― according to the law

• per is followed by a noun in either the accusative or dative case. No semantic distinction is made between the cases here. Examples from Duden: per ersten / erstem Januar, "as of the first of January"; per eingeschriebenen / eingeschriebenem Brief, "by registered letter".

• “per” in Duden online
• “per” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

• IPA^(key):

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: per
• Rhymes: -ɛr

Back-formation from perel.^[1]

• pör (dialectal)

per (plural perek)

1. (law) action, suit, lawsuit

   Synonyms: eljárás, kereset

From Latin per (“through”).^[2]

per

1. per

   kilométer per óra ― kilometers per hour

2. (mathematics) divided by

   3/5, három per öt ― 3:5, three divided by five

• perjel

• (action, lawsuit): per in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
• (per, divided by): per in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Borrowed from Esperanto per, English per, French par, Italian per, Spanish por, ultimately from Latin per, from Proto-Indo-European *per.

• IPA^(key): /per/, /pɛɾ/

per

1. by means of, by, with (some means)

   Ilu batis me per bastono. ― He beat me with a stick.

2. (mathematics) multiplied by, times

   Quar per kin esas duadek. ― Four times five is twenty.

   Un per un esas un. ― One times one is one.

• per ke (“through the fact that”)

• da (“by”)
• kun (“with (in company with)”)

Indonesian Wikipedia has an article on:

per

Wikipedia ^id

• pir (nonstandard)

From Dutch veer (“feather, spring”), a contraction of veder, from Middle Dutch vedere, from Old Dutch fethara, from Proto-Germanic *feþrō, from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”). The sense "spring" is derived from the ability of feathers to resume their shape when bent.

• IPA^(key):
• Hyphenation: pèr

pèr

1. spring, a mechanical device made of flexible or coiled material that exerts force and attempts to spring back when bent, compressed, or stretched.

   Synonym: pegas

2. (colloquial) arc lamp.

   Synonyms: bohlam, bola lampu listrik, lampu busur

From Dutch per, from Latin per (“through, during”), from Proto-Indo-European *per.

• IPA^(key):
• Hyphenation: pêr

pêr

1. per,
   1. for each.

      Synonym: tiap

   2. to each, in each (used in expressing ratios of units).

      Synonyms: bagi, demi

   3. by the, by means of the, via the, through the.

      Synonym: dengan

2. since

   Synonyms: mulai, sejak

• “per” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

From Latin per, which is the predecessor of French par, Italian per, Spanish par and Spanish pro.

• IPA^(key): /per/

per

1. through, during, throughout

   Io evadeva per un tunnel secrete.

   I escaped through a secret tunnel.

   Per uso pote formar vapor inflammabile.

   May form flammable fumes during usage.

2. by (the agency of), through, by means of

   Su via a successo era per opera dur.

   His/her path to success was through hard work.

3. per, for each

   Admission costa 10 € per persona.

   Admission costs €10 per person.

From Latin per.^[1]

• IPA^(key): /per/
• Rhymes: -er
• Hyphenation: per

per

1. for

   Ma io l'ho fatto per te! ― But I did it for you!

   Te lo vendo per appena trecento euro ― I'll sell it you for only three hundred euro

   Ho studiato per tre ore ― I studied for three hours

   Questo è il treno per Londra ― This is the train for London

2. to (indicates direction)
3. through

   Sono passato per il centro ― I passed through the center

4. in or on

   Camminava ansiosamente per la stanza ― He was pacing anxiously about the room

5. by

   Te lo invio per posta ― I'll send it to you by post

6. with
7. as

• When followed by the definite article, per can be combined with the article to give the following combined forms (old-fashioned, very rarely used, except for pel, pei):

per + article	Combined form	per + article	Combined form
per + il	pel	per + i	pei
per + l'	pell'
per + lo	pello	per + gli	pegli
per + la	pella	per + le	pelle

• pro

• pre-

From Latin per.

per

1. for
2. through
3. in or on
4. by
5. with
6. as

• ꝑ (Mediaeval sigil)

From Proto-Italic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognates include Ancient Greek περί (perí), Sanskrit परि (pári), Lithuanian per, Albanian për and English for.

The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /per/,
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /per/,

per (+ accusative)

1. through, by means of
   • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.11:

     Qua re per exploratores nuntiata

     That event being announced by the scouts

   • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.3:

     per speciem honoris

     By the pretext of honouring

2. throughout, during

• Eastern Romance:
  • Aromanian: pri, pi, pre
  • Romanian: pre, pe, pă, pi
• Istriot: par
• Italo-Romance:
  • Italian: per
  • Neapolitan: pe, ppe
  • Sicilian: pi, pri, pir
• Franco-Provençal: per
• Old Leonese:
  • Asturian: per
• Old Occitan:
  • Catalan: per
  • Occitan: per, par
• Navarro-Aragonese: per
  • Aragonese: per
• Old French: par
  • Middle French: par
    • French: par
      • → English: par
  • Lorrain: poir
  • Picard: per
• Old Galician-Portuguese: per
  • Portuguese: per
• Old Spanish:
  • Spanish: par
• Rhaeto-Romance:
  • Friulian: par
  • Ladin: per
• Venetan: par
• → Danish: per
• → Dutch: per
• → English: per
• → Finnish: per
• → German: per
• → Hungarian: per
• → Norwegian: per
• → Swedish: per
• → Esperanto: per
  • Ido: per

• “per”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “per”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to bring a stream of water through the garden: aquam ducere per hortum
    
  • to cut one's way (through the enemies' ranks): ferro viam facere (per confertos hostes)
    
  • to spread over the whole body: per totum corpus diffundi
    
  • to pass a thing from hand to hand: de manu in manus or per manus tradere aliquid
    
  • in a dream: per somnum, in somnis
    
  • in a dream: per quietem, in quiete
    
  • under the pretext, pretence of..: per causam (with Gen.)
    
  • when occasion offers; as opportunity occurs: per occasionem
    
  • a report is spreading imperceptibly: fama serpit (per urbem)
    
  • to be in every one's mouth: per omnium ora ferri
    
  • to pass one's life in luxury and idleness: per luxum et ignaviam aetatem agere
    
  • to take a false step: per errorem labi, or simply labi
    
  • I said it in jest: haec iocatus sum, per iocum dixi
    
  • to correspond with some one: colloqui cum aliquo per litteras
    
  • apparently; to look at: per speciem (alicuius rei)
    
  • under pretext, pretence of..: per simulationem, simulatione alicuius rei
    
  • by craft: per dolum (B. G. 4. 13)
    
  • in sport, mockery: per ludibrium
    
  • men exempt from service owing to age: qui per aetatem arma ferre non possunt or aetate ad bellum inutiles
    
  • to transfix, pierce a man's breast with one's sword: gladio aliquem per pectus transfigere (Liv. 2. 46)
    
  • to force a way, a passage: iter tentare per vim (cf. sect. II. 3)
    
  • to break through the enemy's centre: per medios hostes (mediam hostium aciem) perrumpere
    
  • to lead some one in triumph: per triumphum (in triumpho) aliquem ducere
    
  • that is self-evident, goes without saying: hoc per se intellegitur
    
  • I have no objection: per me licet
    
• per in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016

per

1. inflection of pērt:
   1. second/third-person singular present indicative
   2. third-person plural present indicative
   3. second-person singular imperative
2. (with the particle lai) third-person singular imperative of pērt
3. (with the particle lai) third-person plural imperative of pērt

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognates include Proto-Slavic *per-, Ancient Greek περί (perí), Sanskrit परि (pári), Latin per, and English for.^[1]

• IPA^(key):

head=per̃

per (with accusative)

1. through
2. during

From Latin pilus. Compare Aromanian per, Romanian păr.

per m

1. hair

From Old English pere, peru.

per

1. Alternative form of pere (“pear”)

From Medieval Latin pera.

per

1. Alternative form of pere (“bridge pillar”)

From Old French per.

per

1. Alternative form of pere (“peer”)

per

1. Alternative form of pere (“equal”)

From Middle High German bër, from Old High German bero, from Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô (“bear”). Cognate with German Bär, English bear.

per m

1. bear

From Middle High German ber, from Old High German beri, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją (“berry”). Cognate with German Beere, English berry.

per n

1. berry

• himper
• schbòrzper
• eaper

• “per” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Borrowed from Latin per (related to native for).

per (abbreviated pr.)

1. For each, for every, per.

   Motoren roterer 1000 ganger per minutt. ― The engine rotates 1000 times per minute.

   per porsjon ― for each portion

   per dag ― per day

• (for each): for hver, i, om

• per stykk

• “per” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Borrowed from Latin per (related to native for).

per (abbreviated pr.)

1. For each, for every, per.

   per porsjon ― for each portion

   per dag ― per day

• per stykk

• “per” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Learned borrowing from Latin per, from Proto-Italic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-.

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɛr/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛr
• Syllabification: per

per

1. (literary) forms adverbs from nouns

   Synonym: na

• per in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• per in Polish dictionaries at PWN

• pir, poriá

Borrowed from Old Armenian փոր (pʻor, “belly, abdomen”). Doublet of pori.

per f (plural pera)

1. (anatomy) abdomen, belly

• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “փոր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
• Paspati, Alexandre G. (1870) “per”, in Études sur les Tchinghianés; ou, Bohémiens de l'Empire ottoman (in French), Constantinople: Impr. A. Koroméla, page 422

From Latin per.

• IPA^(key): /per/

per

1. per, by, through

• pr (dated)

• Audio:

  (file)

per

1. For each; for every

   Motorn roterar 1000 varv per minut.

   The engine goes 1000 revolutions per minute.

• rep

per (nominative plural pers)

1. loss

• peräd
• perot
• perön

per

1. page