pod

English

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pod

Wikipedia

Etymology

From Middle English *pod ("seed-pod, husk, shell, outer covering"; attested in pod-ware (“legume seed; seed grain”)), likely from Old English pād (“an outer garment, covering, coat, cloak”), from Proto-West Germanic *paidu, from Proto-Germanic *paidō (“coat, smock, shirt”), from Proto-Indo-European *baiteh₂- (“woolen clothes”). Cognate with Old Saxon pēda (“skirt”), German dialectal Pfeid, Pfeit (“shirt”), Gothic 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (paida, “mantle, skirt”), Albanian petk (“gown, garment, dress, suit”), Ancient Greek βαίτη (baítē, “goat-skin, fur-coat, tent”).

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /ˈpɒd/

• Audio (Southern England)

  (file)

• (US) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑd/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɒd
• Homophone: pawed (in accents with the cot-caught merger)

Noun

pod (plural pods)

1. (botany) A seed case for legumes (e.g. peas, beans, peppers); a seedpod.

   Synonyms: capsule, case, container, hull, husk, shell, seedpod, vessel

2. A small vehicle, especially used in emergency situations.
3. (obsolete, UK, dialect) A bag; a pouch.
   • 1557 February 13, Thomas Tusser, A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie., London: Richard Tottel, →OCLC; republished London: Robert Triphook, , and William Sancho, , 1810, →OCLC:

     cart, that is clouted and shod,
     cart ladder and wimble, with perser and pod

4. (collective, zoology) A group of whales, dolphins, seals, porpoises or hippopotami.

   Synonym: gam

5. (by extension) A group of people who regularly interact.
   • 2016, Joseph Henrich, chapter 8, in The Secret of Our Success , Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN:

     These matrilineal groups associate with related families, who are probably sister lineages, to form pods.

   • 2021 October 1, Calder Katyal, “Schools Need to Undo the Damage of Pods”, in The Atlantic‎:

     For many people forming pods last year, finding compatible people to group with was not a cost but a goal. Private companies that create educational software for pods report that people prefer to group with their friends in order to reduce the incentive to have social contacts outside of their pods.

6. A small section of a larger office, compartmentalised for a specific purpose.
7. A subsection of a prison, containing a number of inmates.
8. A very small room or space for one person to inhabit, as in a capsule hotel.
9. A nicotine cartridge.
10. A lie-flat business or first class seat.
11. A tapered, cylindrical body of ore or minerals.
12. A straight channel or groove in the body of certain forms of, usually tapered, augers and boring-bits.
13. (informal, Internet) Clipping of podcast.

Hyponyms

Derived terms

Translations

See also

• podcast

Verb

pod (third-person singular simple present pods, present participle podding, simple past and past participle podded)

1. (intransitive) To bear or produce pods
   • 1849, Herman Melville, Mardi, and a Voyage Thither:

     Wherefore it was, that many ignorant Mardians, who had not pushed their investigations into the science of physiology, sagely divined, that the Tapparians must have podded into life like peas, instead of being otherwise indebted for their existence.

   • 1939, Leonard Alfred George Strong, The Open Sky, page 64:

     David looked seawards along the river. He stared, rubbed his eyes, and stared again. One of the rocks seemed to have podded into something swollen, black and smooth.

   • 2012, Deborah Moggach, You Must Be Sisters, →ISBN, page 219:

     In the herbaceous border many flowers had seeded and podded; spears of them, brown, now rose up behind the mauve blur of the michaelmas daisies.

2. (transitive) To remove peas from their case.
3. (transitive, intransitive) To put into a pod or to enter a pod.
   • 1955, Military Review - Volume 35, Issue 9, page 81:

     Thus the torpedoes will have to be stored internally or be podded into streamline containers.

   • 1957, Aviation Week - Volume 66, page 23:

     Lycoming is working on a twin T53 or T55 turboprop installation whereby two engines would be podded together to drive a single propeller.

   • 2004, Yefim Gordon, Dmitriy Komissarov, Antonov An-12 Cub, page 90:

     One, called An- 12BZ-2, was a single-point hose-and- drogue tanker similar to the RAF's Lockheed C-130K Hercules C.1K, except that the hose drum unit was podded, not built in.

   • 2006, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society - Volume 59, page 130:

     This was to be achieved by increasing the number of Lotarev D-18T engines to 8 by podding the inboard pylons on each side to take two engines (see Fig. 7).

   • 2011, Roger Cliff, Chad J. R. Ohlandt, David Yang, Ready for Takeoff: China's Advancing Aerospace Industry, →ISBN:

     In June 2009, the company opened another facility in Tianjin to provide nacelle and thrust-reverser MRO services and to support engine buildup and podding work for the new Airbus A320 assembly line in the same city.

   • 2012, Gabriel Blue Melchizedek, The Alienvirus, →ISBN:

     Then i was podded by a buddie of mine, working the burrough next to mine, all humans had a blue rabbit glow around them and seemed to sleep walk out of the burrough out in to a field while a sound like; ta-ta-dah-taaa, soundeḍ ̣̪continously [sic], where they waited while looking up in the sky.

4. (intransitive) To swell or fill.

Translations

References

• “pod”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

Anagrams

• DOP, DPO, ODP, PDO, dop

Cebuano

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: pod

Adverb

pod

1. (focus) also; too
2. (after a negative) either

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech pod.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

• audio

  (file)

Preposition

pod

1. under (direction, + accusative case)

   Potřebuju se dostat pod ten most. ― I need to get under that bridge.

2. below, under (location, + instrumental case)

   Synonym: pode

   Antonym: nad

   Kočka leží pod stolem. ― The cat is under the table.

Further reading

• pod in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• pod in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989

Lower Sorbian

Preposition

pod

1. Superseded spelling of pód.

Masurian

Alternative forms

• pode

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish pod.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):
• Syllabification: pod

Preposition

pod

1. denotes location; under, underneath
2. denotes movement; to under, to underneath
3. denotes near location; near
4. denotes movement towards; to
5. denotes object of actions
6. denotes tools, particularly of agricultural use
7. denotes manner of agricultural activity
8. denotes position in a hierarchy; under or
9. denotes a term containing an explanation; under
10. denotes boundary or edge; at
11. denotes intended object for some action or other object; for or
12. denotes material of construction, typically of a roof; of
13. denotes temporal proximity; around
14. denotes an approcimate value; almost, nearly, just under
15. denotes contemporary action; during
16. denotes gained effect
17. denotes object against which someone struggles; against
18. denotes categorizers, i.e. a last name under which someone may find information; under
19. denotes coexisting factor; under
20. denotes actions
21. denotes degree of someone's needs that are met or
22. denotes reference points

Further reading

• Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2021) “pod”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur‎, volume 6, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, pages 138-142

Old Czech

Alternative forms

• pode

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈpod/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈpot/

Preposition

pod

1. Denotes movement; to under, to underneath
2. Denotes movement up, upward
3. Denotes movement down, below, downward
4. Denotes duration to, until; by
5. Denotes amount under; less than
6. Denotes inferiority sub, less than
7. Denotes subordination to under
8. according to
9. as a result of or
10. for, to (an end, an aim, a purpose) or
11. Denotes location near; under, underneath
12. Denotes relation of items worn under; in, dressed in
13. Denotes subordination under
14. Denotes duration during; in
15. Denotes elapsing of time in; after
16. Denotes period of someone's rule during
17. Denotes amount up to
18. Denotes inferiority sub, less than
19. Creates an adverb from a noun.
20. Denotes form or shape under; in the form of
21. Denotes instrumentality through, with, by means of
22. Used with documents, contracts, etc. on the basis of
23. according to
24. Denotes protection, guidance, or watching under
25. Denotes consequences of unfulfilled obligation under, on pain of
26. despite, in spite of

Descendants

• Czech: pod

References

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “pod”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

Old Polish

Alternative forms

• pode

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /pɔt/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /pɔt/

Preposition

pod

1. denotes location; under, underneath
2. denotes near location; near; under, at
3. denotes comitative location; with
4. denotes time when something took place; during
5. denotes sequence in time; after

   Synonym: po

6. used with documents, contracts, etc. on the basis of; as a result of
7. despite, against
8. denotes form or shape under; in the form of
9. denotes subordination under
10. denotes period of someone's rule during
11. denotes protection, guidance, or watching under or
12. denotes consequences of unfulfilled obligation under, on pain of or
13. denotes movement; to under, to underneath
14. denotes movement; to; toward
15. denotes preceding time just before
16. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
    1. denotes following time just after
17. denotes source of a given right or authority under
18. The meaning of this term is uncertain.
    • 1956 [Fifteenth century], Jerzy Woronczak, editor, Teksty polskie w rękopisie nr 43 Biblioteki Kapitulnej we Wrocławiu z połowy XV wieku‎, page 112r:

      Ibant apostoli gaudentes a conspectu, pod oblicze (pro od oblicza?), concilli (Act 5, 41)

      [Ibant apostoli gaudentes a conspectu, pod oblicze (pro od oblicza?), concilli (Act 5, 41)]

Descendants

• Masurian: pod
• Polish: pod
• Silesian: pod

References

• Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “pod”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
• Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “pod”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “pod, pode”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Polish

Alternative forms

• pode

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish pod.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (isolated) /pɔt/
• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈpɔt/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔt
• Syllabification: pod
• Homophones: pot, pod-

Preposition

pod

1. denotes location; under, underneath

   Synonyms: popod, poniżej

   Antonyms: nad, ponad

   pod ziemią ― underground

2. denotes movement; to under, to underneath

   Antonyms: na, nad

3. denotes movement against; against

   Antonym: z

   pod wiatr ― against the wind

   Nie płyń pod prąd! ― Don't swim against the current!

4. denotes near location; near

   Synonyms: popod, blisko, nad, niedaleko, nieopodal, obok, opodal, przy, u stóp, w pobliżu

   Mieszkała pod Warszawą ― She lived near Warsaw.

5. denotes movement to a near location; toward

   Synonyms: popod, nad

   Antonym: spod

6. denotes protection, guidance, or watching under
7. denotes motion towards protection, guidance, or watching to under

   Antonym: spod

8. denotes cause under; under

   pod przymusem ― under duress

   pod wpływem ― under the infuence of

9. denotes consequences of unfulfilled obligation under, on pain of
10. denotes name of object; under

    pod tytułem ― under the title of

11. denotes location, particularly of addresses; at
12. denotes movement, particularly of addresses; to
13. denotes instrumentality or cause; because of, with

    Synonym: spod

    pod piórem ― by (an author)

14. denotes recepient; to, aimed at
15. (colloquial) denotes amount less than; under
16. (colloquial) denotes object of eating immediately after drinking
17. (colloquial) denotes cause of celebration

    Synonym: z okazji

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), pod is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 157 times in scientific texts, 153 times in news, 109 times in essays, 165 times in fiction, and 84 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 668 times, making it the 70th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

References

Further reading

• pod in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• pod in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “pod, pode”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], (Can we date this quote?)
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “pod”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “pod”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861‎
• A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “pod”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎ (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 330

Romanian

Alternative forms

• под (pod) — post-1930s Cyrillic spelling

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic подъ (podŭ), from Proto-Slavic *podъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpod/

• Audio (male voice):

  (file)

• Audio (female voice):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -od
• Hyphenation: pod

Noun

pod n (plural poduri)

1. bridge
2. attic
3. (dated) street paved with wood

Declension

Derived terms

See also

• mansardă
• punte

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pôd/

Noun

pȍd m (Cyrillic spelling по̏д)

1. floor

   pasti na pod ― to fall to the floor

2. ground

Declension

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ.

Alternative forms

• poda (enclitic pronominal form)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pôd/

Preposition

pȍd (Cyrillic spelling по̏д)

1. under, beneath (with change of position, answering the question kùda)

   Antonyms: ȉznad, nȁd

   S(j)ela je pod stablo. ― She sat down under the tree.

   Pao je pod vlak. ― He fell under the train.

2. under, beneath (stationary, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ)

   Antonyms: ȉznad, nȁd

   pod suncem ― under the sun

   Ona s(j)edi pod stablom. ― She is sitting under the tree.

3. under, beneath (being in a particular condition)

   biti pod sumnjom ― to be under suspicion

   biti pod pritiskom ― to be under pressure

   biti pod dojmom ― to be under impression

   pod oružjem ― under arms

   biti pod nadzorom ― to be under supervision/surveillance

   biti pod nečijom zaštitom ― to be under someone's protection

   biti pod naglaskom ― to be accented (stressed), to be under the accent (stress)

   pisati pod pseudonimom ― to write under the pen name, pseudonymously

   biti pod zakletvom ― to be under oath

4. near, toward, in (temporal, with nouns denoting a final temporal segment)

   pod jesen ― toward fall

   pod kraj ― near the end

   pod starost ― in one's old age

5. during (temporal)

   pod odmorom ― during the (school) break

   pod pauzom ― during the (job) break

   pod satom ― during the (school) lesson

   pod vladavinom ― during the reign of

6. as, instead of, in lieu of

   pokušati prodati mrkvu pod rotkvu ― to try selling carrot as radish

7. miscellaneous idiomatic meanings

   baciti pod noge ― to reject, throw away

   nebu pod oblake ― far away

   pod uv(j)etom/uslovom da ― under the condition of, on the condition that

   pod izgovorom ― under the pretext

   pod Zagrebom ― near Zagreb

   pod Velebitom ― at the foot of Velebit, on the foothills of Velebit

   pod korovom ― covered/overgrown with weed

   ništa pod (milim) bogom ― absolutely nothing

   pod kontrolom (with genitive) ― under the control (of)

   pod tim(e) mislim ― by that I mean

   biti pod antibioticima ― to be on antibiotics

   pod pravim kutom ― perpendicular

   To je pod moranje. ― That is obligatory.

Silesian

Alternative forms

• pode

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish pod.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɔt/
• Rhymes: -ɔt
• Syllabification: pod

Preposition

pod

1. denotes location; under, underneath
2. denotes movement; to under, to underneath
3. denotes near location; near; under, at
4. denotes movement; to; toward
5. denotes name of object; under

   pod tytułym ― under the title of

6. denotes consequences of unfulfilled obligation under, on pain of

Further reading

• pod in dykcjonorz.eu
• pod in silling.org

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

Preposition

pod (+ instrumental)

1. below

   Synonym: podo

   Antonym: nad

Further reading

• “pod”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

Slovene

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pɔ́t/

Noun

pȍd m inan

1. floor (lower part of a room)

   Synonym: tla

Inflection

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

• spodaj

Further reading

• “pod”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran

Volapük

Noun

pod (nominative plural pods)

1. apple

Declension