ponad

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See also: ponad-

Polish

Alternative forms

  • ponade (before certain pronouns)

Etymology

    Univerbation of po +‎ nad.[1] Compare Kashubian pònad and Ukrainian по́над (pónad). First attested in 1749.[2]

    Pronunciation

     
    • Audio:(file)
    • Rhymes: -ɔnat
    • Syllabification: po‧nad
    • Homophone: ponad-

    Preposition

    ponad

    1. denotes location; above, over
      Synonyms: powyżej, nad
      Coordinate terms: pod, popod
      Latem słońce świeci wysoko ponad górami.In summer, the sun shines high above the mountains.
    2. denotes motion; to above, to over
      Synonyms: powyżej, nad
      Coordinate terms: pod, popod
    3. denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state
      Synonym: nad
      Kocham to ponad życie.I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.
    4. above, beyond
      Zadanie to jest ponad moje umiejętności.This task is beyond my capabilities.
      Ona przedkłada swoją karierę ponad wszystko.She puts her career above all else.

    Derived terms

    particles

    Particle

    ponad

    1. over, more than
      Synonym: przeszło
      Pracuję tu ponad dwie dekady.I have worked here for over two decades.

    Trivia

    According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), ponad (particle) is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 12 times in scientific texts, 87 times in news, 38 times in essays, 3 times in fiction, and 1 time in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 141 times, making it the 426th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[3]

    References

    1. ^ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “ponad”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
    2. ^ Paweł Kupiszewski (16.05.2019) “PONAD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
    3. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “ponad (particle)”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 402

    Further reading