quicumque

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Latin

Alternative forms

Etymology

From quī +‎ -cumque. quīcunque is a later development reflecting the assimilated pronunciation.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

quīcumque (feminine quaecumque, neuter quodcumque); relative/interrogative pronoun with an indeclinable portion

  1. whoever, whosoever; whatever, whatsoever
    • 43 BCE, Asinius Pollio, in Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares 10.31.3:
      Ita si id agitur, ut rursus in potestate omnia unius sint, quicumque is est, ei me profiteor inimicum.
      If therefore events are so developing as to put all power again in the hands of one man, whosoever that man is, I declare myself his foe.
    • c. 40 BCE, Sallust, Bellum Iugurthinum 103:
      Eos ad Marium ac deinde, si placeat, Romam legatos ire iubet; agundarum rerum et quocumque modo belli componundi licentiam ipsis permittit.
      These he ordered to go as envoys to Marius and then, if it seemed advisable, to Rome, giving them complete freedom of action and permission to make peace in whatever manner.
    • c. 110 BCE – c. 25 BCE, Cornelius Nepos, On the Eminent Commanders XIV. Datames 14.10:
      Namque is pollicitus est regi se eum interfecturum, si ei rex permitteret, ut, quodcumque vellet, liceret impune facere, fidemque de ea re more Persarum dextra dedisset.
      For he promised the king that he would kill him , if the king would allow him to do whatever he wanted with impunity and would give him a pledge to that effect with his right hand after the manner of the Persians.
    • 30 BCE – 16 BCE, Propertius, Elegies 4.1:
      Hoc quodcumque vides, hospes, qua maxima Roma est, / ante Phrygem Aenean collis et herba fuit
      This, stranger, whatsoever you see where Rome the greatest stands, / was hill and grass before Phrygian Aeneas
    • 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Psalm 113:11 :
      Deus autem noster in caelo, omnia quaecumque voluit fecit.
      But our God is in heaven, and whatsoever he has willed, he has done.

Usage notes

  • quīcumque is used both adjectivally and substantivally.
  • Cato is cited with the archaic plural form quescumque (from ques).

Declension

Relative/interrogative pronoun with an indeclinable portion.

Number Singular Plural
Case / Gender Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative quīcumque quaecumque quodcumque quīcumque1 quaecumque
Genitive cuiuscumque1 quōrumcumque quārumcumque quōrumcumque
Dative cuicumque1 quibuscumque
quīscumque1
Accusative quemcumque quamcumque quodcumque quōscumque quāscumque quaecumque
Ablative quōcumque quācumque quōcumque quibuscumque
quīscumque1

1In Republican Latin or earlier, alternative spellings could be found for the following forms of quī/quis and its compounds: the masculine nominative singular or plural quī (old spelling quei), the genitive singular cuius (old spelling quoius), the dative singular cui (old spelling quoi or quoiei), the dative/ablative plural quīs (old spelling queis).

Related terms

Latin correlatives (edit)
type demonstrative anaphoric identity interrogative/
relative		 indefinite negative other
proximal medial distal relative indefinite universal free choice negative polarity
basic hic iste, istic ille, illic is ipse, īdem quis/quī quisquis, quīcumque quis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quispiam quisque quīvis, quīlibet quisquam, ūllus, °aliquisquam nēmō, nihil, nūllus alius
dual uter utercumque alteruter uterque utervīs, uterlibet neuter alter
place hīc istīc illīc ibī̆ ibī̆dem ubī̆ ubiubi, ubī̆cumque alicubī, uspiam ubīque ubivīs, ubilibet usquam nusquam, nūllibī alibī, aliās
source hinc istinc illinc inde indidem unde undecumque, undeunde alicunde undique °undelibet aliunde
destination hūc, °hōrsum istūc, °istōrsum illūc, °illōrsum eō eōdem quō, quōrsum quōquō, quōcumque aliquō, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsum quōvīs, quōlibet quōquam nusquam, nūllōrsum aliō, aliōrsum
method,
means,
path,
place 		hāc istāc illāc eā eādem quā quāquā, quācumque aliquā quāque quāvīs, quālibet nēquāquam, haudquāquam aliā
manner hōc modō istō modō illō modō ita, sīc,
eō modō		 item, itidem ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum utut, utcumque, quōmodocumque quī, quōdam modō, aliquō modō utique quōmodolibet ūllō modō nūllō modō aliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō
time num, nunc ōlim tum, tunc simul quandō, ‡cum cumque, quandōcumque, quandōque quondam, aliquandō quandōque quandōlibet umquam numquam aliās
quantity tam †tamen, †tandem quam †quamquam aliquam quamvīs, quamlibet
size tantus tantusdem quantus quantuscumque aliquantus quantusvīs, quantuslibet
quality tālis quālis quālis, quāliscumque aliquālis quālislibet
number tot totidem quot quotquot, quotcumque aliquot quotlibet
order totus quotus quotuscumque aliquotus quotuslibet
repetition totiēns quotiēns quotiēnscumque aliquotiēns quotiēnslibet
multiplication totuplex quotuplex
† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated
° Rare
‡only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative

Descendants

  • → English: quicumque vult, quicunque vult

References

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia