rütteln
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German
Etymology
From Middle High German rütteln, rütelen, rüteln, from rütten (“to shake”) + -eln (“frequentative suffix”), from Proto-Indo-European *kreu- (“to shake, wave around”), related to Tocharian A kru (“reed”), Tocharian B kärwats, Lithuanian krutéti (“to move”).[1] Cognate with the first part of Old English hrēaþemūs (“bat”).[2]
Pronunciation
Verb
rütteln (weak, third-person singular present rüttelt, past tense rüttelte, past participle gerüttelt, auxiliary haben)
- to shake, to jolt
- (falconry, ornithology, of birds of prey) to hover (to float in the air by fast wingbeats)
Conjugation
| infinitive | rütteln | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present participle | rüttelnd | ||||
| past participle | gerüttelt | ||||
| auxiliary | haben | ||||
| indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| present | ich rüttle ich rüttele ich rüttel |
wir rütteln | i | ich rüttele ich rüttle |
wir rütteln |
| du rüttelst | ihr rüttelt | du rüttelest du rüttlest |
ihr rüttelet ihr rüttlet | ||
| er rüttelt | sie rütteln | er rüttele er rüttle |
sie rütteln | ||
| preterite | ich rüttelte | wir rüttelten | ii | ich rüttelte1 | wir rüttelten1 |
| du rütteltest | ihr rütteltet | du rütteltest1 | ihr rütteltet1 | ||
| er rüttelte | sie rüttelten | er rüttelte1 | sie rüttelten1 | ||
| imperative | rüttle (du) rüttel (du) rüttele (du) |
rüttelt (ihr) | |||
1Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.
Derived terms
See also
References
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “623”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 623
- ^ Friedrich Kluge (1995) “rütteln”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 23rd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 697
