retina

English

English Wikipedia has an article on:

retina

Wikipedia

Etymology

From Middle English rethina, borrowing from Medieval Latin rētīna (“retina”, feminine noun), ellipsis of tunica rētīna (“net-like tunic”), used to describe the blood vessel system at the back of the eye. The phrase is attested in the 12th century in Guillelmus the abbot and Gerard of Cremona—the latter may have created this phrase as a translation for Arabic طَبَقَة شَبَكِيَّة (ṭabaqa šabakiyya) "net-like layer", which translates Ancient Greek ἀμφιβληστροειδής χῐτών (amphiblēstroeidḗs khitṓn, “retina”), which is attested in the ancient medical writer Galen.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈɹɛt.ɪ.nə/

  • Audio (Southern England)

    (file)

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈɹɛt.ə.nə/, /ˈɹɛt.nə/
• Rhymes: -ɛtɪnə

Noun

retina (plural retinas or retinae or (obsolete) retinæ)

1. (ophthalmology) The thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball that contains rods and cones sensitive to light, which trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.

Derived terms

Related terms

• retineum
• retinula

Translations

References

• “retina”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
• “retina”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

Anagrams

• Reitan, atrine, ratiné, retain, tanier, tearin', tin ear

Catalan

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin retina.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic)
• IPA^(key): (Valencian)

Noun

retina f (plural retines)

1. retina

Related terms

Further reading

• “retina” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Dutch

Etymology

From Medieval Latin rētina, the diminutive form of Latin rēte (“net”), probably from Vulgar Latin tunica retina (literally “net-like tunic”), used to describe the blood vessel system at the back of the eye.

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

• Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na

Noun

retina f or m (plural retina's, diminutive retinaatje n)

1. retina

   Synonym: netvlies

Anagrams

• traine

Finnish

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin retina.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈretinɑ/,
• Rhymes: -etinɑ
• Syllabification^(key): re‧ti‧na

Noun

retina

1. Synonym of verkkokalvo (“retina”)

Declension

Further reading

• “retina”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Anagrams

• arenti, aterin, tieran

Hungarian

Etymology

From Late Latin rētina, the diminutive form of Latin rēte (“net”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):
• Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na
• Rhymes: -nɒ

Noun

retina (plural retinák)

1. (anatomy) retina (the thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball where light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain)

Declension

References

Further reading

• retina in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Interlingua

Noun

retina (plural retinas)

1. retina

Related terms

• retinal

Italian

Italian Wikipedia has an article on:

retina

Wikipedia ^it

Etymology 1

The original sense (Etymology 2) of retina, but given a specific anatomical meaning.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈrɛ.ti.na/
• Rhymes: -ɛtina
• Hyphenation: rè‧ti‧na

Noun

retina f (plural retine)

1. (anatomy) retina

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From rete +‎ -ina.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /reˈti.na/
• Rhymes: -ina
• Hyphenation: re‧tì‧na

Noun

retina f (plural retine)

1. Diminutive of rete
   1. small net
   2. hairnet

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /reˈti.na/
• Rhymes: -ina
• Hyphenation: re‧tì‧na

Verb

retina

1. inflection of retinare:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Anagrams

• Renati, anitre, arenti, entrai, intera, ratine, renati, rinate, tenari, tirane

Latin

Etymology 1

Generally explained as a deverbal of retineō (“hold back”). Alternatively, derived from retinācula ("reins" - far more common than the singular retināculum), reinterpreted as a feminine diminutive and back-formed into retina. Attested in the Glossarium Ansileubi, which was written between 650 and 800 CE.

Noun

retina f (genitive retinae); first declension (Early Medieval Latin)

1. rein (strap or rope attached to a bridle or bit, used to control an animal)
   • 10th century, anonymous, Chronicon Salernitanum 68, (example from DuCange):

     Apprehensaque equi Retina, celeriter eum Beneventum ducebat

     Having seized the horse's rein(s), he quickly rode it to Benevento.

Inflection

First-declension noun.

Descendants

• Italo-Romance:
  • Old Italian: redina (plural redine)
    • ⇒ Italian: redine (new singular)
    • Tuscan: redola (Lucca)
  • Neapolitan: rétena
  • Sicilian: rètina
  • → Byzantine Greek: ρέτενα (rétena)
• North Italian: (sometimes blended with briglia)
  • Gallo-Italic:
    • Emilian: redna
    • Ligurian: rédena
    • Lombard: rèdena, redna
    • Piedmontese: rëdna, rënna
  • Ladin: remni (pl.) ⇒ breni
  • Friulian: rèdine ⇒ brene
  • Romansch: regna
  • Venetian: redena ⇒ brena
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Old French: resne, redne; reyne, raine, raigne, raisne, reine, resine, renne
    • French: rêne
    • → English: rein
• Occitano-Romance:
  • Catalan: regna
  • Occitan: retna
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: redẽa
    • Galician: rédea
    • Portuguese: rédea
  • Old Spanish: rienda
    • Spanish: rienda
      • → Galician: renda

References

• 2. RETINA in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• rētīna: (Classical) IPA^(key): /reːˈtiː.na/,
• rētīna: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /reˈti.na/,

Adjective

rētīna

1. inflection of rētīnus:
   1. nominative/vocative feminine singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

rētīnā

1. ablative feminine singular of rētīnus

Etymology 3

Ellipsis of tunica rētīna (“a net-like tunic”), referring to the fibrillar texture of the eye's retina. The phrase is attested since at least the 12th century, and this noun usage since the 13th c.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /reːˈtiː.na/,
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /reˈti.na/,

Noun

rētīna f (genitive rētīnae); first declension

1. (Medieval Latin, anatomy) the retina of an eye
   • 13th c., Roger Bacon, Opus maius 5.1.2.3:

     Et dicit Avicenna quarto de Animalibus, quod retina ducit nutrimentum secundum veritatem ad partes oculi

     And Avicenna says in his fourth book on Animals that the retina actually takes nutrients to the parts of the eye

Inflection

First-declension noun.

Descendants

• → Middle English: rethina
  • English: retina

References

Etymology 4

An etymologising spelling, closer to the word’s etymon Ancient Greek ῥητῑ́νη (rhētī́nē, “resin of the pine”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /reːˈtiː.na/,
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /reˈti.na/,

Noun

rētīna f (genitive rētīnae); first declension

1. medieval spelling of rēsīna (“resin”)

Inflection

First-declension noun.

References

• 1. RETINA in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na

Etymology 1

Noun

retina f (plural retinas)

1. retina (thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball)

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

retina

1. inflection of retinir:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

Romanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /reˈti.na/
• Rhymes: -ina
• Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na

Noun

retina

1. definite nominative/accusative singular of retină

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /reˈtina/

• Audio (Colombia):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ina
• Syllabification: re‧ti‧na

Noun

retina f (plural retinas)

1. retina

Further reading

• “retina”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014