rjúfa

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Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse rjúfa, from Proto-Germanic *reufaną.

Pronunciation

Verb

rjúfa (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative rauf, third-person plural past indicative rufu, supine rofið)

  1. (transitive) to break, interrupt (e.g. a connection, agreement, etc.)
    hann rauf samkomulagið við okkur ― he broke the agreement with us

Conjugation

rjúfa — active voice (germynd)
infinitive
(nafnháttur) 		að rjúfa
supine
(sagnbót) 		rofið
present participle
(lýsingarháttur nútíðar) 		rjúfandi
indicative
(framsöguháttur) 		subjunctive
(viðtengingarháttur)
present
(nútíð) 		ég rýf við rjúfum present
(nútíð) 		ég rjúfi við rjúfum
þú rýfur þið rjúfið þú rjúfir þið rjúfið
hann, hún, það rýfur þeir, þær, þau rjúfa hann, hún, það rjúfi þeir, þær, þau rjúfi
past
(þátíð) 		ég rauf við rufum past
(þátíð) 		ég ryfi við ryfum
þú raufst þið rufuð þú ryfir þið ryfuð
hann, hún, það rauf þeir, þær, þau rufu hann, hún, það ryfi þeir, þær, þau ryfu
imperative
(boðháttur) 		rjúf (þú) rjúfið (þið)
Forms with appended personal pronoun
rjúfðu rjúfiði *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.
rofinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)
strong declension
(sterk beyging) 		singular (eintala) plural (fleirtala)
masculine
(karlkyn) 		feminine
(kvenkyn) 		neuter
(hvorugkyn) 		masculine
(karlkyn) 		feminine
(kvenkyn) 		neuter
(hvorugkyn)
nominative
(nefnifall) 		rofinn rofin rofið rofnir rofnar rofin
accusative
(þolfall) 		rofinn rofna rofið rofna rofnar rofin
dative
(þágufall) 		rofnum rofinni rofnu rofnum rofnum rofnum
genitive
(eignarfall) 		rofins rofinnar rofins rofinna rofinna rofinna
weak declension
(veik beyging) 		singular (eintala) plural (fleirtala)
masculine
(karlkyn) 		feminine
(kvenkyn) 		neuter
(hvorugkyn) 		masculine
(karlkyn) 		feminine
(kvenkyn) 		neuter
(hvorugkyn)
nominative
(nefnifall) 		rofni rofna rofna rofnu rofnu rofnu
accusative
(þolfall) 		rofna rofnu rofna rofnu rofnu rofnu
dative
(þágufall) 		rofna rofnu rofna rofnu rofnu rofnu
genitive
(eignarfall) 		rofna rofnu rofna rofnu rofnu rofnu

References

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *reufaną. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to break”).

Verb

rjúfa (singular past indicative rauf, plural past indicative rufu, past participle rofinn)

  1. (transitive) to break a hole in, break
    rjúfa undir
    to make wounds
  2. (figuratively) to break, violate (e.g. a law)
  3. (impersonal) to clear away
    Synonym: hrjóða
    rýfr þokuna
    the fog clears away

Conjugation

Conjugation of rjúfa — active (strong class 2)
infinitive rjúfa
present participle rjúfandi
past participle rofinn
indicative present past
1st-person singular rýf rauf
2nd-person singular rýfr rauft
3rd-person singular rýfr rauf
1st-person plural rjúfum rufum
2nd-person plural rjúfið rufuð
3rd-person plural rjúfa rufu
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular rjúfa ryfa
2nd-person singular rjúfir ryfir
3rd-person singular rjúfi ryfi
1st-person plural rjúfim ryfim
2nd-person plural rjúfið ryfið
3rd-person plural rjúfi ryfi
imperative present
2nd-person singular rjúf
1st-person plural rjúfum
2nd-person plural rjúfið
Conjugation of rjúfa — mediopassive (strong class 2)
infinitive rjúfask
present participle rjúfandisk
past participle rofizk
indicative present past
1st-person singular rjúfumk rufumk
2nd-person singular rýfsk raufzk
3rd-person singular rýfsk raufsk
1st-person plural rjúfumsk rufumsk
2nd-person plural rjúfizk rufuzk
3rd-person plural rjúfask rufusk
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular rjúfumk ryfumk
2nd-person singular rjúfisk ryfisk
3rd-person singular rjúfisk ryfisk
1st-person plural rjúfimsk ryfimsk
2nd-person plural rjúfizk ryfizk
3rd-person plural rjúfisk ryfisk
imperative present
2nd-person singular rjúfsk
1st-person plural rjúfumsk
2nd-person plural rjúfizk

Descendants

  • Icelandic: rjúfa
  • Faroese: rjúva
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: rjuva
  • Old Swedish: rȳva, riuva, riūva

References

  • “rjúfa”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
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