ruma

See also: Ruma, rúma, rūma, and rũma

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma, possibly a North Germanic borrowing. Cognates include Estonian rumal (“stupid”), Ingrian ruma (“ugly”), Livonian rumāli (“dirty”), Livvi ruma, Veps ruma (“ugly; coarse”) and Votic ruma. The Finnic word has been borrowed into Sami; compare Northern Sami ropmi.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/,
Rhymes: -umɑ
Syllabification^(key): ru‧ma

Adjective

ruma (comparative rumempi, superlative rumin)

ugly (displeasing to the eye or ear)
Synonyms: epäesteettinen, pahannäköinen

Antonym: kaunis
ugly, dirty (offensive to one's sensibilities or morality)
Synonyms: moraaliton, ikävä, ilkeä, kelju, kurja, paha

Hän teki meille ruman tempun. ― He played a dirty trick on us.
dirty (of a word or language in general: something considered vulgar)
ruma sana ― dirty word

Declension

Inflection of ruma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		ruma	rumat
genitive		ruman	rumien
partitive		rumaa	rumia
illative		rumaan	rumiin
		singular	plural
nominative		ruma	rumat
accusative	nom.	ruma	rumat
accusative	gen.	ruman	rumat
genitive		ruman	rumien rumain^rare
partitive		rumaa	rumia
inessive		rumassa	rumissa
elative		rumasta	rumista
illative		rumaan	rumiin
adessive		rumalla	rumilla
ablative		rumalta	rumilta
allative		rumalle	rumille
essive		rumana	rumina
translative		rumaksi	rumiksi
abessive		rumatta	rumitta
instructive		—	rumin
comitative		—	rumine

Possessive forms of ruma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)

Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.

first-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		rumani	rumani
accusative	nom.	rumani	rumani
accusative	gen.	rumani	rumani
genitive		rumani	rumieni rumaini^rare
partitive		rumaani	rumiani
inessive		rumassani	rumissani
elative		rumastani	rumistani
illative		rumaani	rumiini
adessive		rumallani	rumillani
ablative		rumaltani	rumiltani
allative		rumalleni	rumilleni
essive		rumanani	ruminani
translative		rumakseni	rumikseni
abessive		rumattani	rumittani
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	rumineni

second-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		rumasi	rumasi
accusative	nom.	rumasi	rumasi
accusative	gen.	rumasi	rumasi
genitive		rumasi	rumiesi rumaisi^rare
partitive		rumaasi	rumiasi
inessive		rumassasi	rumissasi
elative		rumastasi	rumistasi
illative		rumaasi	rumiisi
adessive		rumallasi	rumillasi
ablative		rumaltasi	rumiltasi
allative		rumallesi	rumillesi
essive		rumanasi	ruminasi
translative		rumaksesi	rumiksesi
abessive		rumattasi	rumittasi
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	ruminesi

first-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		rumamme	rumamme
accusative	nom.	rumamme	rumamme
accusative	gen.	rumamme	rumamme
genitive		rumamme	rumiemme rumaimme^rare
partitive		rumaamme	rumiamme
inessive		rumassamme	rumissamme
elative		rumastamme	rumistamme
illative		rumaamme	rumiimme
adessive		rumallamme	rumillamme
ablative		rumaltamme	rumiltamme
allative		rumallemme	rumillemme
essive		rumanamme	ruminamme
translative		rumaksemme	rumiksemme
abessive		rumattamme	rumittamme
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	ruminemme

second-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		rumanne	rumanne
accusative	nom.	rumanne	rumanne
accusative	gen.	rumanne	rumanne
genitive		rumanne	rumienne rumainne^rare
partitive		rumaanne	rumianne
inessive		rumassanne	rumissanne
elative		rumastanne	rumistanne
illative		rumaanne	rumiinne
adessive		rumallanne	rumillanne
ablative		rumaltanne	rumiltanne
allative		rumallenne	rumillenne
essive		rumananne	ruminanne
translative		rumaksenne	rumiksenne
abessive		rumattanne	rumittanne
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	ruminenne

third-person possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		rumansa	rumansa
accusative	nom.	rumansa	rumansa
accusative	gen.	rumansa	rumansa
genitive		rumansa	rumiensa rumainsa^rare
partitive		rumaansa	rumiaan rumiansa
inessive		rumassaan rumassansa	rumissaan rumissansa
elative		rumastaan rumastansa	rumistaan rumistansa
illative		rumaansa	rumiinsa
adessive		rumallaan rumallansa	rumillaan rumillansa
ablative		rumaltaan rumaltansa	rumiltaan rumiltansa
allative		rumalleen rumallensa	rumilleen rumillensa
essive		rumanaan rumanansa	ruminaan ruminansa
translative		rumakseen rumaksensa	rumikseen rumiksensa
abessive		rumattaan rumattansa	rumittaan rumittansa
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	rumineen ruminensa

Derived terms

Anagrams

Amur, mura

Gothic

Romanization

rūma

Romanization of 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰

Hiri Motu

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic , from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

Noun

ruma

house (abode)

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma. Cognates include Finnish ruma and Veps ruma.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/,
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/,
Rhymes: -umɑ
Hyphenation: ru‧ma

Noun

ruma

ugly
bad, poor (of low quality)

Declension

Declension of ruma (type 3/koira, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	ruma	rumat
genitive	ruman	rummiin
partitive	rummaa	rummia
illative	rummaa	rummii
inessive	rumas	rumis
elative	rumast	rumist
allative	rumalle	rumille
adessive	rumal	rumil
ablative	rumalt	rumilt
translative	rumaks	rumiks
essive	rumanna, rummaan	ruminna, rummiin
exessive¹⁾	rumant	rumint
¹⁾ obsolete ^) the accusative* corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) ^) the comitative** is formed by adding the suffix -ka^? or -kä^? to the genitive.

Synonyms

(low-quality): prostoi

References

Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 491

Kikuyu

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɾuma/

Verb

ruma (infinitive kũruma)

to curse, to abuse

Derived terms

(Proverbs)

kĩonje kĩrumaga mũhiũhia

Related terms

(Nouns)

kĩrumi class 7

References

Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 363. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).

Latin

Alternative forms

rū̆mis

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈruː.ma/, or IPA^(key): /ˈru.ma/,
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈru.ma/,
The length of the U is not directly attested. It should be short based on the attested short vowel in the derivative irrumō, but a pronunciation with long ū may have developed due to influence from and conflation with rūmen.

Etymology 1

Unknown. Possibly from Etruscan .

Noun

rū̆ma f (genitive rū̆mae); first declension

(anatomy) udder, teat
Synonyms: ūber, sūmen

Declension

First-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	rū̆ma	rū̆mae
Genitive	rū̆mae	rū̆mārum
Dative	rū̆mae	rū̆mīs
Accusative	rū̆mam	rū̆mās
Ablative	rū̆mā	rū̆mīs
Vocative	rū̆ma	rū̆mae

Derived terms

Etymology 2

The same as rūmen.

Noun

rūma f (genitive rūmae); first declension

(anatomy) rumen
Synonym: rūmen
stomach, abdomen
Synonyms: venter, pantex

Declension

First-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	rūma	rūmae
Genitive	rūmae	rūmārum
Dative	rūmae	rūmīs
Accusative	rūmam	rūmās
Ablative	rūmā	rūmīs
Vocative	rūma	rūmae

References

“ruma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
ruma in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

^ Ernout, Alfred, Meillet, Antoine (1985) “ruma”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots‎ (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections of Jacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published 2001, page 580

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈruma/

Noun

ruma

inflection of rum:
1. genitive singular
2. nominative/accusative dual

Muduapa

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic , from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

Noun

ruma

house (abode)

Portuguese

Verb

ruma

inflection of rumar:
1. third-person singular present indicative
2. second-person singular imperative

Puyuma

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

Noun

ruma

house; home
naniyam ruma piyalaudr tu pitaun.
The door of our house is to the east.

References

Stacy Fang-Ching Teng (鄧芳青), A Reference Grammar Of Puyuma, An Austronesian Language Of Taiwan, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2008.

Venda

Verb

ruma

to send

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma, possibly a North Germanic borrowing. Cognates include Finnish ruma.

Adjective

ruma

ugly
coarse, rough

Inflection

Inflection of ruma (inflection type 6/kuva)
nominative sing.	ruma
genitive sing.	ruman
partitive sing.	rumad
partitive plur.	rumid
	singular	plural
nominative	ruma	rumad
accusative	ruman	rumad
genitive	ruman	rumiden
partitive	rumad	rumid
essive-instructive	ruman	rumin
translative	rumaks	rumikš

inessive	rumas	rumiš
elative	rumaspäi	rumišpäi
illative	rumaha	rumihe

adessive	rumal	rumil
ablative	rumalpäi	rumilpäi
allative	rumale	rumile

abessive	rumata	rumita
comitative	rumanke	rumidenke
prolative	rumadme	rumidme

approximative I	rumanno	rumidenno
approximative II	rumannoks	rumidennoks
egressive	rumannopäi	rumidennopäi

terminative I	rumahasai	rumihesai
terminative II	rumalesai	rumilesai
terminative III	rumassai	—

additive I	rumahapäi	rumihepäi
additive II	rumalepäi	rumilepäi

References

Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “грубый, некрасивый”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎, Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma.

Pronunciation

(Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/,
Rhymes: -umɑ
Hyphenation: ru‧ma

Adjective

ruma

Inflection

Declension of ruma (type V/poikõ, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	ruma	rumad
genitive	ruma	rumijõ, rumii
partitive	rumma	rumiitõ, rumii
illative	rummasõ, rumma	rumiisõ
inessive	rumaz	rumiiz
elative	rumassõ	rumiissõ
allative	rumalõ	rumiilõ
adessive	rumallõ	rumiillõ
ablative	rumaltõ	rumiiltõ
translative	rumassi	rumiissi
^) the accusative* corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) ^) the terminative** is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ^*) the comitative** is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

References

Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “ruma”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn

[1] Ernout, Alfred, Meillet, Antoine (1985) “ruma”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots‎ (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections of Jacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published 2001, page 580

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