rupjš

• (dialectal form) rups

From an earlier adjective *rupus (yielding two parallel forms, a yo-stem form that became standard rupjš and an o-stem form that yielded the dialectal variant rups), from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to pull, to tear, to break”) (whence also the adjective raupjš, q.v.). The semantic evolution was probably “to pluck, to tear (e.g., wool, feathers)” > (adj.) “uneven, harsh” (skin, after removing wool, feathers) > “coarse, harsh.” Cognates include Lithuanian rupùs, Serbo-Croatian rȕpa (“hole, pit”), Old Norse rjúfa (“to break, to tear”), rauf (“cracks, holes”), reyfi (“shorn wool; uneven, harsh skin”), Middle High German rubbelig (“uneven, harsh, coarse”), Latin rumpere (“to break”).^[1]

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rupjš (definite rupjais, comparative rupjāks, superlative visrupjākais, adverb rupji)

1. (of mixtures, powder-like substances) coarse, rough (with elements having a relatively large cross section)

   rupja smilts, grants ― coarse sand, gravel

   rupji putraimi, milti ― coarse grits, flour

   rupjais sāls ― coarse salt

   rupjas aveņu ogas ― rough raspberries

   rupjas zvīņas ― coarse (fish) scales

   rupja maize, rupjmaize ― rye bread, brown bread (lit. coarse bread)

2. (of nets, meshes) coarse (having relatively large holes)

   rupjš siets, tīkls ― coarse sieve, net

3. (of files) rough (having on its surface relatively wide, deep grooves)

   rupja vīle, rupjvīle ― rough file

4. (of thread, yarn, hair, fur, also cloth) coarse, thick (having a relatively large cross-section; made of thread, yarn having a relatively large cross-section)

   rupjš diegs ― coarse, thick thread

   rupja dzija ― coarse, thick yarn

   rupja vilna ― coarse wool

   rupja adata ― coarse needle

   rupjš linu audums ― scrim (lit. coarse linen) cloth

   rupjš maiss, krekls, galdauts ― coarse bag, shirt, tablecloth

   rupjas zeķes ― coarse socks

   noslaucīties rupjā dvielī ― to dry oneself with (lit. in) a coarse towel

   aļņa ķermenis klāts ar biezu, rupju apmatojumu ― an elk's body is covered with thick, coarse hair

5. (of grains) coarse, rough (composed of elements having a relatively large cross-section)

   rupja maluma milti ― rough, coarse grist flour (i.e., flour which contains chaff)

6. (of skin, surfaces) rough, harsh, unpolished; having bumps and dents on its surface

   rokas man rupjas no darba ― my hands are harsh from work

   rupjš, pelēks papīrs ― harsh, gray paper

   rupjais apmetums ― coarse, harsh plaster

   aligators klāts ar rupju, grumbuļainu ādu ― the alligator is covered by a harsh, rugged skin

7. (of objects) rough, not refined, not well designed, not completed, of low quality

   šis rupjais dēļu šķirsts ― that rough, coarse wooden chest

   rupjais cirtums ― rough cutting, roughly cut surface

8. (of sounds) coarse, hollow, low

   rupji smiekli ― coarse laughter

   rupja balss ― coarse, hollow, low voice

   rupjš, rejošs klepus ― coarse, barking cough

9. (of people, their behavior) rude, offensive, tactless, tough, violent; expressing such features

   Grīslis bija rupjš, nesaticīgs vīrs ― Grīslis was a rude, irritable man

   rupjš joks ― rude joke

   rupjš izteiciens ― harsh language

   rupja mute ― harsh, rude mouth

   rupji vārdi ― harsh, rude words

   rupjš cīņas paņēmiens ― tough, violent fighting technique

   rupja, netaktiska izturēšanās ― rude, tactless behavior

10. (of errors, irregularities, etc.) gross, big (which deviates strongly from the truth, from accepted norms, etc.)

    rupja kļūda ― gross, big mistake, blunder

    rupjš disciplīnas pārkāpums ― big breach of discipline

    rupjš apmelojums ― gross, shameless calumny, slander

    ticēt rupjiem meliem ― to believe gross, big lies

11. (of work) harsh, tough (physical, heavy and repetitive)

    rupjais darbs ― harsh, tough work

• (of skin, surface): negluds, raupjš, ass
• (of sounds): skarbs, zems, dobjš

• (antonym(s) of “of powder, grain, cloth”): smalks
• (antonym(s) of “of skin, surfaces”): gluds, mīksts, maigs

• rupjība
• rupjmaize, rupja maize
• rupjums
• rupjvīle, rupja vīle