sḥḏ

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See also: shd, sḥd, and sḫd

Egyptian

Etymology

s- (causative prefix) +‎ ḥḏ (“to be white”).

Pronunciation

Verb

sHDD&ra

 caus. 2-lit.

  1. (transitive) to brighten
    • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 12–13:
      xa
      Hr g      		 n
      t
      t
      f      		 miiC1wbn
      ra
      f      		 mAxt
      t      		 r
      a
      f      		 O43
      p      		 ra
      n      		 Hr
      Z1      		 k
      k      		 N3
      sHDD&ran
      f      		 Swwra
      H_SPACE      		 mS9f
      y      		 G32n
      f      		 tA
      tA
      N21 N21      		 miiiT
      n
      ra      		 mtp Z1
      dwA      		 iit
      ra
      ḫꜥ ḥr nst nt (j)t.f mj rꜥ wbn.f m ꜣḫt rdj.f šsp n ḥr(j) kkw sḥḏ.n.f šw m šwtj.fj bꜥḥ.n.f tꜣwj mj jṯn m tp-dwꜣyt
      One shining forth on the throne of his father like Ra when he rises in the Akhet, he gave light to what was covered by darkness, having brightened the air with his two plumes, having flooded the Two Lands (Egypt) like the sun disk at the break of dawn.
    • c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 7–8:
      sHDD&ra SPACESPACEk
      k
      t      		 N2z
      r      		 q
      Y2      		 kHst
      t      		 tmmt
      gb      		 pr
      a
      r      		 N31
      k      		 SPACESPACEmr
      n      		 k
      n      		 r
      a      		 ra Z1
      r      		 bwXr
      r      		 st
      ir      		 xntn
      t y      		 imnttywN33B
      N33B
      N33B      		 A40
      sḥḏ kk(w)t srq.k ḥtm(y)t (j)ꜥr.k m rn.k n(j) rꜥ r bw ẖr(j) wsjr ḫntj-jmntjw
      Brighten the darkness that you might make the Place of Destruction breathe, that you might ascend in your name of Ra to the place where Osiris, Foremost of the Westerners, is.

Inflection

Conjugation of sḥḏ (causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.) — base stem: sḥḏ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
sḥḏt, sḥḏ
 sḥḏw, sḥḏ
 sḥḏt
 sḥḏ
 sḥḏ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
sḥḏ
 ḥr sḥḏ
 m sḥḏ
 r sḥḏ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect sḥḏ.n
 sḥḏw, sḥḏ
 consecutive sḥḏ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative sḥḏt
perfective3 sḥḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 sḥḏ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective sḥḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 sḥḏw, sḥḏ, sḥḏy
 sḥḏw, sḥḏ, sḥḏy
 potentialis1 sḥḏ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive sḥḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect sḥḏ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective sḥḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 sḥḏ
 sḥḏ, sḥḏw5, sḥḏy5
imperfective sḥḏ, sḥḏy, sḥḏw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 sḥḏ, sḥḏj6, sḥḏy6
 sḥḏ, sḥḏw5
prospective sḥḏ, sḥḏtj7
 — sḥḏwtj1 4, sḥḏtj4, sḥḏt4

1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sḥḏ  
sHDD
N8
sḥḏ

References

  • James P Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 312.
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