son

son

1. (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-5 language code for Songhay languages.

• sonne (obsolete)

• (offspring, beget) IPA^(key): /sʌn/
• (Northern England, Ireland) IPA^(key): /sʊn/
• (Spanish borrowing) IPA^(key): /sɒn/

• Audio (UK):

  (file)

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʌn, -ɒn
• Homophone: sun

From Middle English sonn, sone, sun, sune, from Old English sunu (“son”), from Proto-Germanic *sunuz (“son”), from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús (“son”), from Proto-Indo-European *sewH- (“to bear; give birth”).

son (plural sons)

1. One's male offspring.

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:son

   Before the birth of the man's child, he said: "I want a son, not a daughter."

   • 1671, John Milton, “The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: J M for John Starkey , →OCLC, page 10, lines 165-166:

     From what conſummate vertue I have choſe / This perfect Man, by merit call'd my Son,

2. A male adopted person in relation to his adoptive parents.
3. A male person who has such a close relationship with an older or otherwise more authoritative person that he can be regarded as a son of the other person.
   • 1832, Noah Webster, “SON”, in A Dictionary of the English Language Intended to Exhibit the Origin of Words, the Orthography and Definitions: in Two Volumes · Volume 2‎:

     Eli called Samuel his son. Be plain, good son, and homely in thy drift.

4. A male person considered to have been significantly shaped by social conflict.

   He was a son of the mafia system.

5. A person regarded as the product of some place.
   • 1850, Oliver P. Badger, convention member from Putnam, Indiana, Report of the Debates and Proceedings of the Convention for the Revision of the Constitution of the State of Indiana, 1850 Volume 1‎, page 827:

     I hold it to be true, that the people are the sons of the soil; and we are only their instruments here.

6. A familiar address to a male person from an older or otherwise more authoritative person.
   • 1984, “Working on the Highway”, in Bruce Springsteen (music), Born in the U.S.A.:

     Son, can't you see that she's just a little girl?

   • 2012, BioWare, Mass Effect 3 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Citadel:

     Shepard: Stay with me. We're almost through this.
     Admiral Anderson: You did good, son. You did good. I'm proud of you.
     Shepard: Thank you, sir. Anderson?

7. (UK, New York City, colloquial) An informal address to a friend or person of equal authority.
8. (computing) The current version of a file, derived from the preceding father file.
   • 2004, Ray Bradley, The Ultimate Computing Glossary for Advanced Level, page 31:

     Three generations of file are usually kept, being the grandfather, father and son files.

   • 2007, O. Ray Whittington, Patrick R. Delaney, Wiley CPA Exam Review 2008: Auditing and Attestation, page 779:

     After the update, the new file master file is the son. The file from which the father was developed with the transaction files of the appropriate day is the grandfather. The grandfather and son files are stored in different locations.

• (with regards to gender) daughter
• (with regards to ancestry) father, mother, parent

• child

From Middle English sonen, sunen, from the noun (see above).

son (third-person singular simple present sons, present participle sonning, simple past and past participle sonned)

1. (transitive) To produce (i.e. bear, father, beget) a son.
   • 1997, Noel Polk, Outside the Southern Myth:

     I sonned a father who would not be sonned, […]

2. (transitive) To address (someone) as "son".
   • 2005, Jerry Flesher, Tomorrow I'll Miss You:

     “Don't 'son' me.” “I'm old enough to be your father,” he said with a dismissive wave of his hand.

   • 2014, Stuart A. McKeever, Becoming Joey Fizz:

     “Son—now's not the time, please.” “It's the perfect time—it's the best time fucking time I ever had. There's not gonna be another time, so don't son me, you bastard. […] ”

From Spanish son (literally “tone, sound”).

son (uncountable)

2. (music) Son cubano, a genre of music and dance blending Spanish and African elements that originated in Cuba during the late 19th century.
   • 2017, Mark Kurlansky, Havana: A Subtropical Delirium‎, Bloomsbury, →ISBN:

     When son first emerged in the streets of Havana, in the early twentieth century, it was shut down by the police, as were most forms of African culture. Son groups, conjuntos, caught playing on the street, as was the tradition, had their instruments confiscated.

• son on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• son cubano on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

• ons, Nos, Nos., nos., NSO, ONS, nos, NOS, Nºˢ

From Dutch zon, from Middle Dutch sonne, from Old Dutch sunna, from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂un-, *sóh₂wl̥.

• IPA^(key): /sɔn/

• Audio:

  (file)

son

1. Sun, sun (star of the solar system)

• middernagson
• sonbril
• Sondag
• sonlig
• sonneblom
• sonnestelsel
• sonnig
• sonpaneel
• sonskyn

From Latin sonus. Compare Daco-Romanian sun.

son n (plural sonuri)

1. sound

• asun

Borrowed from a descendant of Sanskrit सुवर्ण (suvárṇa).

• IPA^(key): /ˈson/

son (Sanu)^[1]

1. gold

From Latin sunt.

son

1. third-person plural present indicative of ser

From Proto-Turkic *soŋ (“back, end”).^[1] Compare Turkish son below.

• IPA^(key):

• Audio:

  (file)

son (definite accusative sonu, plural sonlar)

1. end, ending

   Synonym: axır

   Antonym: baş

   sonda isə başa düşdük ki... ― but at the end we understood that...

   Filmin sonunda əsas personaj ölür. ― The main character dies at the end of the movie.

son

1. recent, latest
2. last, final

   Synonym: axırıncı

   ötən əsrin son onilliyi ― last decade of the previous century

Inherited from Old Catalan son, from Vulgar Latin sum, reduced form of Latin suum, accusative of suus, from Proto-Italic *sowos. Compare Occitan and French son.

In unstressed position in Vulgar Latin suum, suam etc. were monosyllabic and regularly became son, sa etc. in Catalan. When stressed they were disyllabic and became seu, sua > seua etc.

• (Balearic, Central) IPA^(key): /sun/ (always unstressed)
• (Valencia) IPA^(key): /son/ (always unstressed)

son m (feminine sa, masculine plural sos, feminine plural ses)

1. his, her, its
2. their
3. your (alluding to vostè or vostès)

• The use of son and the other possessive determiners is mostly archaic in the majority of dialects, with articulated possessive pronouns (e.g. el meu) mostly being used in their stead. However, mon, ton, and son are still widely used before certain nouns referring to family members and some affective nouns, such as amic, casa, and vida. Which nouns actually find use with the possessive determiners depends greatly on the locale.

The standard masculine plural form is sos, but sons can be found in some dialects.

In Algherese, son and its forms mainly give reference to vostè.

• seu
• llur
• vostre

El Català de l'Alguer : un model d'àmbit restringit, Barcelona, 2003, →ISBN, page 31

Inherited from Old Catalan son, from Latin somnus, from Proto-Indo-European *swépnos. Feminine noun by analogy with fam (“hunger”) and set (“thirst”).

• so (Balearic)

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia)

son m (plural sons)

1. sleep

son f (uncountable)

1. sleepiness

   Synonym: somnolència

• malson

• somni

• “son” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “son” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

son

1. imperative of sone

son

1. indefinite accusative singular of sonur

• IPA^(key): /ˈson/,
• Rhymes: -on
• Hyphenation^(key): son

son

1. (dialectal) Contraction of se on.

This spelling is only used in texts meant to represent dialectal speech. The same contraction is common in rapid speech in many Finnish varieties, but the spelling is usually not used even in the most informal text or chat messages.

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *sum. Doublet of sin (possessive pronoun).

son (feminine sa, masculine plural sos or ses, feminine plural ses) (ORB, broad)

1. his, her, its (third-personal singular possessor)

• son in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
• son in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

Inherited from Old French son, suen, suon, from Latin sonus (the current form may be remade after or influenced by sonner).

• (Europe) IPA^(key): /sɔ̃/
• (Canada) IPA^(key): /sõ(ː)/
• Homophones: sons, sont

son m (plural sons)

1. sound

   Le son de ce piano est agréable.

   The sound of this piano is nice.

• sonner
• sonore

Inherited from Middle French son, from Old French son, from Vulgar Latin sum, a reduced/atonic variant of suus, suum, from Proto-Italic *sowos, from Proto-Indo-European *sewos, from *swé (“self”).

• IPA^(key): /sɔ̃/, (before a vowel) /sɔ̃.n‿/, /sɔ.n‿/

son m (feminine sa, plural ses)

1. (possessive) his, her, their, its (used to qualify masculine nouns and before a vowel)

   Elle a perdu son chapeau.

   She lost her hat.

   Il a perdu son chapeau.

   He lost his hat.

   J’aime son amie.

   I like his/her girlfriend.

   La décision a été prise pendant son absence.

   The decision was taken in her/his absence.

Son is used before all singular nouns beginning with a vowel or a mute H, even those that are feminine. However, sa is used with singular feminine nouns beginning with a consonant or an aspirated H.

• sondit

Inherited from Latin secundus (presumably through an earlier Old French form *seon; compare an attested Medieval Latin seonno, seonnum). Cognate with Catalan segó, Old Occitan segon. The meaning derives from the fact that bran results from a second sifting of flour. Doublet of second, a borrowing.

• IPA^(key): /sɔ̃/

son m (plural sons)

1. bran

   Ceci est du pain de son.

   This bread is done with bran.

• “son”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé , 2012.

• nos

• IPA^(key): /ˈsoŋ/
• Rhymes: -oŋ
• Hyphenation: son

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese sõo, son (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria, probably influenced by or possibly borrowed from Old Occitan son), from Latin sonus. Alternatively, regressively derived from the verb soar. Compare Portuguese som, Spanish son.

• som (reintegrationist)

son m (plural sons)

1. sound
   • 1370, R. Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 561:

     Et começou o torneo a creçer tãto, et a seer o acapelamento tã grande, et a uolta et os braados et os alaridos et os sõos dos cornos et das tronpas tã grandes et tã esquiuos que ome nõ se podía oýr

     And the tournament began to grow so much, and the carnage was so large, and the din and the roars and the yells and the sounds of the horns and of the trumpets so big and harsh that a man couldn't heard himself

   • 1409, J. L. Pensado Tomé, editor, Tratado de Albeitaria, Santiago de Compostela: Centro Ramón Piñeiro, page 69:

     Et pasando porllos ditos, hu ha gran roido et gran soon se se o Cauallo espantar no no deuen ferir con açorregos, nen con vara, nen con espora, mais deuen no trager mansamente, con hũa cana afaagandoo et lleuandoo porllos ditos llugares a miude

     And passing by the mentioned places, where there is big noise and big sound, if the horse frightens, they should not wound him with whips nor with a stick, nor with spoor, rather they should bring him meekly, fondling him with a twig and taking him through this places often

• soar
• sónico
• sonoro

• som (reintegrationist)
• são (reintegrationist)

son

1. inflection of ser:
   1. first-person singular present indicative
   2. third-person plural present indicative

   Son parvo ― I'm stupid

   Son parvos ― They're stupid

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “son”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “soon”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “son”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “son”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “son”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

• Audio:

  (file)

son

1. Alternative form of so'n
   • 1857, Der Glücksstern. Novelle von Julie Burow (Frau Pfannenschmidt), Bromberg, page 95:

     „[...] Macht Platz Leute! en Wagen wär' so übel nicht in soner Hitze.“

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

• “son” in Duden online
• “son” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

son

1. indefinite accusative singular of sonur

Indonesian Wikipedia has an article on:

son

Wikipedia ^id

• IPA^(key): /ˈson/,
• Rhymes: -sɔn
• Hyphenation: son

Unknown (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

son (plural son-son, first-person possessive sonku, second-person possessive sonmu, third-person possessive sonnya)

1. (agriculture) harvested young garlic at the age of 70 days after planting

Unadapted borrowing from Japanese 村(そん) (son, “village”). Romanised according modified Kunrei-shiki romanization.

son

1. (historical, 1942-1945) Synonym of kecamatan

son

1. (historical, 1942-1945) Synonym of kecamatan

• “son” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

son

1. Only used in ar son

son

1. first-person singular present indicative of ièsi
2. second-person singular present indicative of ièsi
   • 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 29:

     Ti son la manduleîna inzucherada.

     You are the sugared almond.

son

1. Apocopic form of sono

son

1. Rōmaji transcription of そん

• sun

son

1. first-person singular present indicative of ester

• sun
• sion

son

1. third-person singular present indicative of ester

• IPA^(key):

son m anim

1. (archaic) swan (waterfowl of genus Cygnus)

• kołp
• šwon

• er son

A contraction of er son, from Middle Irish ar son of unknown etymology. Cognate to Irish ar son and Scottish Gaelic airson; see the Irish entry for further etymology.

son

1. for

   Cur booise da Jee son dty hlaynt.

   Thank God for your health.

   Eeckee oo son shen.

   You'll pay for that.

   C're vees ain son jinnair?

   What shall we have for dinner?

2. by

   Dy cadjin ta mee ec y thie son queig er y chlag.

   I'm usually home by five o'clock.

3. (used with verbal noun) want

   Cha nel ee son credjal yn irriney.

   She doesn't want to believe the truth.

   Cha nel eh son poosey.

   He's not the marrying kind.

   As myr shen, bee oo son gee?

   You'll be wanting to eat, then?

Not used with pronouns. See er son for inflected forms.

• cre hon (“for what purpose?”)
• son shickyrys (“for certain”)

son

1. Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)

son

1. Alternative form of sone (“son”)

From Old French son.

son m (plural sons)

1. sound

• French: son

• IPA^(key): /ˈsõ/

son

1. third-person plural present of ser

From Proto-Samic *sonë.

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

son

1. he, she, it

• Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

Norwegian Nynorsk Wikipedia has an article on:

son

Wikipedia ⁿⁿ

From Old Norse sonr, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.

• IPA^(key):

son m (definite singular sonen, indefinite plural søner, definite plural sønene)

1. a son

   Han hadde to søner.

   He had two sons.

• steson

Male given names:

• “son” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

son m sg (feminine singular sa, masculine plural sos, feminine plural sas)

1. his; her; its

   Synonyms: seu, sieu

son

1. third-person plural present indicative of èsser

From Latin sonus.

• IPA^(key): /soːn/

sōn m

1. a musical sound; vocal, instrumental

• sōncræft

• Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “sōn”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

• soun (Anglo-Norman)
• sun (Anglo-Norman)

From Vulgar Latin sum, a reduced/atonic variant of Latin suum.

• IPA^(key): /sun/
• Rhymes: -on

son m (feminine sa, plural ses)

1. his/hers/its (third-person singular possessive)

• Middle French: son
  • French: son

From Proto-West Germanic *sān (“immediately”). Cognates include Old English sōna, Old Saxon sān and Old Dutch *sān.

• IPA^(key): /ˈsɔːn/

sōn

1. soon

• Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

Borrowed from Latin sonus.

• IPA^(key): /son/

son m

1. sound

son

1. Alternative spelling of són

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “son”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

son

1. accusative singular of sonr

• sun

From Old Norse sonr, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz.

son m

1. son

• Swedish: son

From Old English sunu (“son”), from Proto-Germanic *sunuz (“son”), from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús (“son”), from *sewH- (“to bear, give birth”).

• IPA^(key):

son (plural sons)

1. son, male child

son m (indeclinable)

1. sake, account

   Dèan seo air ar son.

   Do this for us/for our sake.

   Dèan seo air mo shon.

   Do this for me/for my sake.

Note that a grammaticalised unit meaning ‘for’ is formed by a prepositional phrase combining the preposition air / ar with a nominal or pronominal argument and son. (These structures are sometimes called ‘compound prepositions’.)

• airson, carson

son (+ genitive)

1. Colloquial form of airson.

• 'son

From Proto-Samic *sonë.

son

1. he, she, it

• Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

• IPA^(key): /ˈson/

• Audio (Colombia):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -on
• Syllabification: son

From Latin sonus, probably through the intermediate of Old Occitan son (or influenced by it); alternatively, but less likely, regressively derived from the verb sonar (the more expected form is sueno that appeared in some Medieval texts).^[1] Compare English sound and Portuguese som.

son m (plural sones)

1. tone (pleasant sound)
2. (music, genre, uncountable) son (Afro-Cuban musical form)

   Synonym: son cubano

3. (music) musical composition in this form

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

son

1. third-person plural present indicative of ser

• “son”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28
• son on the Spanish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^es
• son cubano on the Spanish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^es

From English Sun (from Middle English sunne, from Old English sunne (“sun; the Sun”)) or Dutch zon (from Middle Dutch sonne (“sun”), from Old Dutch sunna), both from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂un-, *sóh₂wl̥.

son

1. Sun

• sonde

• → Saramaccan: sónu

From Old Swedish son, sun, from Old Norse sonr, sunr from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús. Masculine in Late Modern Swedish.

• IPA^(key): /soːn/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -oːn

son c

1. a son

   Antonym: dotter

• -son (see there for more derivations)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

son

1. definite singular of so

• son in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• son in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

• nos, ons, sno

From Ottoman Turkish صوڭ (soŋ, “end, consequence”), from Proto-Turkic *soŋ (“back, end, after”).

Cognate with Old Turkic (soŋ, “after; late”); Tatar, Kazakh, Kyrgyz соң (soñ), Southern Altai соҥ (soŋ), Uzbek so'ng (“after”), Yakut онтон (onton, “then”).

• IPA^(key): /ˈson/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: son

son

1. last, final

   Antonym: ilk

son (definite accusative sonu, plural sonlar)

1. end, ending

   sona erdirmek ― bring to an end, put an end to

2. consequence, result, conclusion

• sonra
• sonlu
• sonsuz
• sonuç
• sonlanmak

• “son”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu

• ons

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

son (plural sonlar)

1. thigh

son

1. first-person singular present indicative of èser

This word had initial *k-r- in Old Vietnamese.

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key):
• (Huế) IPA^(key): ~
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): ~

son • (侖, 倫, 崙, 󱏟, 󰅬, 𣗾, 𣘈, 𪳔, 𧹪, 𪿽, 󱠟)

1. vermilion

   rệp son ― a cochineal

2. (literary) unshakable; firm

(classifier thỏi, cây (“lipstick”)) son • (侖, 倫, 崙, 󱏟, 󰅬, 𣗾, 𣘈, 𪳔, 𧹪, 𪿽, 󱠟)

1. red cosmetic
2. (by extension) lipstick

• IPA^(key):

son (nominative plural sons)

1. son
   • 1952, Arie de Jong, Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: II:

     Se Lägüptän evokob soni obik.

     I called my son out of Egypt.

   • 1952, Arie de Jong, Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: I:

     Ekö! jivirgan ogrodikof, ed omotof soni, keli onemoy eli ‚Emmanuel’, kela tradutod binon: God binom ko obs.

     Look! the virgin is with child and will give birth to a son whom they will call Immanuel, a name which means „God-is-with-us”.

• hicil

• cil

• daut
• jicil

• leson
• lüson
• posson
• sonef
• sonik
• soniko
• sono

• famül
• fat
• ledaut
• mot
• pal
• palik
• poscil
• posdaut

From Proto-Tai *soːlᴬ (“to teach”). Cognate with Thai สอน (sɔ̌ɔn), Northern Thai ᩈᩬᩁ, Lao ສອນ (sǭn), Lü ᦉᦸᧃ (ṡoan), Tai Dam ꪎꪮꪙ, Shan သွၼ် (sǎun), Tai Nüa ᥔᥩᥢᥴ (sóan), Ahom 𑜏𑜨𑜃𑜫 (son).

• (Standard Zhuang) IPA^(key): /θoːn˨˦/
• Tone numbers: son¹
• Hyphenation: son

son (1957–1982 spelling son)

1. to teach