straff

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German

Etymology

From late Middle High German straf, further origin uncertain. However, a semantic connection Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter(h₁)- (“to be stiff; be rigid; exert”) has been proposed.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʃtʁaf/
  • (file)
  • Hyphenation: straff

Adjective

straff (strong nominative masculine singular straffer, comparative straffer, superlative am straffsten)

  1. (also figurative) tight, firm, of an object that could also be slack
    ein straffes Programm ― a tight schedule
    • c. 1914, Franz Kafka, Der Prozess [The Trial], Berlin: Die Schmiede, published 1925:
      Er wandte ihm sein Gesicht zu, dessen viele straffe Falten nicht Alter, sondern Kraft zu beweisen schienen, und fing sofort wieder zu suchen an.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

Positive forms of straff
number & gender singular plural
masculine feminine neuter
predicative er ist straff sie ist straff es ist straff sie sind straff
strong declension
(without article) 		nominative straffer straffe straffes straffe
genitive straffen straffer straffen straffer
dative straffem straffer straffem straffen
accusative straffen straffe straffes straffe
weak declension
(with definite article) 		nominative der straffe die straffe das straffe die straffen
genitive des straffen der straffen des straffen der straffen
dative dem straffen der straffen dem straffen den straffen
accusative den straffen die straffe das straffe die straffen
mixed declension
(with indefinite article) 		nominative ein straffer eine straffe ein straffes (keine) straffen
genitive eines straffen einer straffen eines straffen (keiner) straffen
dative einem straffen einer straffen einem straffen (keinen) straffen
accusative einen straffen eine straffe ein straffes (keine) straffen
Comparative forms of straff
number & gender singular plural
masculine feminine neuter
predicative er ist straffer sie ist straffer es ist straffer sie sind straffer
strong declension
(without article) 		nominative strafferer straffere strafferes straffere
genitive strafferen strafferer strafferen strafferer
dative strafferem strafferer strafferem strafferen
accusative strafferen straffere strafferes straffere
weak declension
(with definite article) 		nominative der straffere die straffere das straffere die strafferen
genitive des strafferen der strafferen des strafferen der strafferen
dative dem strafferen der strafferen dem strafferen den strafferen
accusative den strafferen die straffere das straffere die strafferen
mixed declension
(with indefinite article) 		nominative ein strafferer eine straffere ein strafferes (keine) strafferen
genitive eines strafferen einer strafferen eines strafferen (keiner) strafferen
dative einem strafferen einer strafferen einem strafferen (keinen) strafferen
accusative einen strafferen eine straffere ein strafferes (keine) strafferen
Superlative forms of straff
number & gender singular plural
masculine feminine neuter
predicative er ist am straffsten sie ist am straffsten es ist am straffsten sie sind am straffsten
strong declension
(without article) 		nominative straffster straffste straffstes straffste
genitive straffsten straffster straffsten straffster
dative straffstem straffster straffstem straffsten
accusative straffsten straffste straffstes straffste
weak declension
(with definite article) 		nominative der straffste die straffste das straffste die straffsten
genitive des straffsten der straffsten des straffsten der straffsten
dative dem straffsten der straffsten dem straffsten den straffsten
accusative den straffsten die straffste das straffste die straffsten
mixed declension
(with indefinite article) 		nominative ein straffster eine straffste ein straffstes (keine) straffsten
genitive eines straffsten einer straffsten eines straffsten (keiner) straffsten
dative einem straffsten einer straffsten einem straffsten (keinen) straffsten
accusative einen straffsten eine straffste ein straffstes (keine) straffsten

Derived terms

Further reading

  • “straff” in Duden online
  • “straff” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Icelandic

Etymology

From Middle Low German straffen, from Proto-West Germanic *strēpōn, of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly related to *streupan (“to squeeze, press, graze”). Cognate with Swedish straff; compare with German Strafe.

Noun

straff n (genitive singular straffs, nominative plural ströff)

  1. (dated) punishment, penalty
  2. the state of being confined to one's home; house arrest, the state of being grounded

Declension

declension of straff
n-s singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative straff straffið ströff ströffin
accusative straff straffið ströff ströffin
dative straffi straffinu ströffum ströffunum
genitive straffs straffsins straffa straffanna

References

  1. ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “straf1”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute

Further reading

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

From Middle Low German or German Low German; compare with German Strafe.

Noun

straff m (definite singular straffen, indefinite plural straffer, definite plural straffene)

  1. a punishment
  2. a penalty
Derived terms
Related terms

Etymology 2

Verb

straff

  1. imperative of straffe

References

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Middle Low German or German Low German; compare with German Strafe.

Noun

straff f (definite singular straffa, indefinite plural straffer, definite plural straffene)

  1. a punishment
  2. a penalty

Derived terms

References

Swedish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Middle Low German straffen, from Proto-West Germanic *strēpōn, of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly related to *streupan (“to squeeze, press, graze”).

Compare with German Strafe. Etymologies 2, 3, and 4 below are all clippings of compounds from Etymology 1.

Noun

straff n

  1. a punishment, a penalty
  2. (law) sentence
Declension
Declension of straff 
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative straff straffet straff straffen
Genitive straffs straffets straffs straffens
Derived terms
Related terms

Etymology 2

Clipping of straffspark

Noun

straff c

  1. (soccer, common) penalty kick
    Synonym: straffspark
Declension
Declension of straff 
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative straff straffen straffar straffarna
Genitive straffs straffens straffars straffarnas

Etymology 3

Clipping of straffslag n

Noun

straff c

  1. (ice hockey) penalty shot
Declension
Declension of straff 
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative straff straffen straffar straffarna
Genitive straffs straffens straffars straffarnas

Etymology 4

Clipping of straffkast n

Noun

straff c

  1. (basketball, handball) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Declension
Declension of straff 
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative straff straffen straffar straffarna
Genitive straffs straffens straffars straffarnas

References

  1. ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “straf1”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute

Further reading

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia