surtraire
This verb traditionally has no past historic or imperfect subjunctive. They would be formed on a -surtray- root: *je surtrayis, *que nous surtrayissions etc. Forms using the 'a' endings of verbs in -er are now used when there is an unavoidable need to use these forms. The root -surtrais- was used instead of -surtray- in the 18th century, and remains in Swiss and Savoy dialects.
| infinitive | simple | surtraire | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | surtrayant /syʁ.tʁɛ.jɑ̃/ or /syʁ.tʁe.jɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | surtrait /syʁ.tʁɛ/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | surtrais /syʁ.tʁɛ/ |
surtrais /syʁ.tʁɛ/ |
surtrait /syʁ.tʁɛ/ |
surtrayons /syʁ.tʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /syʁ.tʁe.jɔ̃/ |
surtrayez /syʁ.tʁɛ.je/ or /syʁ.tʁe.je/ |
surtraient /syʁ.tʁɛ/ |
| imperfect | surtrayais /syʁ.tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /syʁ.tʁe.jɛ/ |
surtrayais /syʁ.tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /syʁ.tʁe.jɛ/ |
surtrayait /syʁ.tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /syʁ.tʁe.jɛ/ |
surtrayions /syʁ.tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
surtrayiez /syʁ.tʁɛj.je/ |
surtrayaient /syʁ.tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /syʁ.tʁe.jɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | surtrayai /syʁ.tʁɛe/ |
surtrayas /syʁ.tʁɛa/ |
surtraya /syʁ.tʁɛa/ |
surtrayâmes /syʁ.tʁɛam/ |
surtrayâtes /syʁ.tʁɛat/ |
surtrayèrent /syʁ.tʁɛɛʁ/ | |
| future | surtrairai /syʁ.tʁɛ.ʁe/ or /syʁ.tʁe.ʁe/ |
surtrairas /syʁ.tʁɛ.ʁa/ or /syʁ.tʁe.ʁa/ |
surtraira /syʁ.tʁɛ.ʁa/ or /syʁ.tʁe.ʁa/ |
surtrairons /syʁ.tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /syʁ.tʁe.ʁɔ̃/ |
surtrairez /syʁ.tʁɛ.ʁe/ or /syʁ.tʁe.ʁe/ |
surtrairont /syʁ.tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /syʁ.tʁe.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | surtrairais /syʁ.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /syʁ.tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
surtrairais /syʁ.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /syʁ.tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
surtrairait /syʁ.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /syʁ.tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
surtrairions /syʁ.tʁɛ.ʁjɔ̃/ or /syʁ.tʁe.ʁjɔ̃/ |
surtrairiez /syʁ.tʁɛ.ʁje/ or /syʁ.tʁe.ʁje/ |
surtrairaient /syʁ.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /syʁ.tʁe.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | surtraie /syʁ.tʁɛ/ |
surtraies /syʁ.tʁɛ/ |
surtraie /syʁ.tʁɛ/ |
surtrayions /syʁ.tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
surtrayiez /syʁ.tʁɛj.je/ |
surtraient /syʁ.tʁɛ/ |
| imperfect2 | surtrayasse /syʁ.tʁɛas/ |
surtrayasses /syʁ.tʁɛas/ |
surtrayât /syʁ.tʁɛa/ |
surtrayassions /syʁ.tʁɛa.sjɔ̃/ |
surtrayassiez /syʁ.tʁɛa.sje/ |
surtrayassent /syʁ.tʁɛas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | surtrais /syʁ.tʁɛ/ |
— | surtrayons /syʁ.tʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /syʁ.tʁe.jɔ̃/ |
surtrayez /syʁ.tʁɛ.je/ or /syʁ.tʁe.je/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris , Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||