t-

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "t"

English

Etymology

Abbreviation of tert- (“tertiary”).

Pronunciation

Prefix

t-

  1. (organic chemistry) tertiary form

Synonyms

Coordinate terms

  • n- (normal form)
  • s- (secondary form)

Afar

Pronunciation

Prefix

t-

  1. Used together with the suffix -í to create feminine agent nouns.

References

  • Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 118

Emilian

Pronunciation

Pronoun

t- (personal, nominative case)

  1. (before a vowel) Alternative form of et
Emilian personal pronouns (weak forms)
Number Person Gender Proclitic Enclitic Aphetic
N A D R N A D R N A D R
Singular First — aj- m’ -ja -em -ja -m
Second — t- t’ -et -t
Third Masculine l- g’ s’ -el -eg -es -l -g -s
Feminine l’ -la -la
Plural First — aj- s’ -ja -es -ja -s
Second — aj- v’ -ev -v
Third Masculine j- g’ s’ -i -eg -es -j -g -s
Feminine elj- -li -li

Irish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /t̪ˠ/ (before a, á, o, ó, u, ú and where it replaces /sˠ/)
  • IPA(key): /tʲ/ (before e, é, i, í and where it replaces /ʃ/)

Prefix

t-

  1. Marker of t-prothesis
    an t-athair ― the father
    an tAthair ― the Father
  2. Marker of lenition of s after the definite article
    an tseachtain ― the week
    an tSín ― China

Usage notes

Written with a hyphen before lowercase vowel letters, without a hyphen before s and uppercase vowel letters.

Maltese

Pronunciation

Article

t-

  1. Alternative form of il-

Usage notes

  • Used after a vowel and before the letter t. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

Mohawk

Alternative forms

Prefix

t-

  1. cislocative, indicating motion towards the speaker

References

  • Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 105

Old Irish

Prefix

t- (class A infixed pronoun, triggers lenition)

  1. you (singular object pronoun)
    ‎do·goa (“s/he chooses”) + ‎t- → ‎dot·goa (“s/he chooses you”)
    ‎ní·ben (“s/he does not strike”) + ‎t- → ‎nít·ben (“s/he does not strike you”)

Derived terms

Old Irish terms prefixed with t-

See also

Old Irish affixed pronouns

See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.

Person Infixed Suffixed
Class A Class B Class C
1 sing. m-L dom-L, dam-L -um
2 sing. t-L dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L -ut
3 sing. m. a-N, e-N d-N id-N, did-N, d-N -i, -it
3 sing. f. s-(N) da- -us
3 sing. n. a-L, e-L d-L id-L, did-L, d-L -i, -it
1 pl. n- don-, dun-, dan- -unn
2 pl. b- dob-, dub-, dab- -uib
3 pl. s-(N) da- -us
L means this form triggers lenition.
N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis)
(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

Scottish Gaelic

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /t̪ʰ/ (before a, à, o, ò, u, ù and where it replaces /s̪/)
  • IPA(key): /tʲʰ/ (before e, è, i, ì and where it replaces /ʃ/)

Prefix

t-

  1. Marker of t-prothesis
    an t-athair ― the father
    an t-Athair ― the Father
  2. Marker of lenition of s after the definite article
    an t-seachdain ― the week
    an t-Sìona ― China

Ye'kwana

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Cariban .

Pronunciation

Prefix

t-

  1. Marks a noun as having a reflexive possessor, referring back to the same entity as another element in the clause.
  2. Marks a postposition as having a reflexive object, referring back to the same entity as another element in the clause.
  3. Marks a verb in a verb form that takes series II markers as having a reflexive argument, referring back to the same entity as another element in the clause.
  4. Marks an unspecified person when obligatorily used with the adverbializers -e, -emje, and -ke, forming circumfixes t- -e, t- -emje, and t- -ke.
  5. Marks a transitive verb as having a third-person patient/object with verb forms that take series II markers for a small group of verbs, namely those whose roots start with a consonantless open syllable ü or ö.

Usage notes

The form t- is used before vowels. Before a w, or before a syllable beginning with a consonant whose vowel is anything but u or i, the form tü- is used. Before a consonant-initial syllable whose vowel is u, i, or sometimes even e, the form of the prefix changes to match the vowel of the next syllable: tu-, ti-, te-.

Inflection

Ye'kwana personal markers
pronoun noun possessor/
series II verb argument 		postposition object series I verb argument
transitive patient intransitive patient-like intransitive agent-like transitive agent
first person ewü y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1 w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive küwü k-, kü-, ku-, ki- k-, kii-, ki-1
second person amödö ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive nña y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-1 chö- ∅- n-, ni-
third person tüwü n-, ni-
distant past third person — kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive — t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- —
reciprocal — — öö-
  1. With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.
series I verb argument:
transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person
second person > first person k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person see person X in the chart above

References

  • Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “t-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, pages 127–128, 150–155, 174, 192–194, 198–199
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