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English
A camel-borne takhtrawan from Burton's 1854 Pilgrimage to El Medinah and MeccahThe Mughal emperor Aurangzeb on a human-borne takhtrawan (c. 1710)
1671, François Bernier, translated by Henry Oldenburg, The History of the Late Revolution of the Empire of the Great Mogol..., volume II, page 24:
... a Tackravan, or a Field-Throne of admirable workmanship...
1857, Richard Francis Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimate to El Medinah and Meccah, volume I, page 400:
... gorgeous Takhtrewan, or litters carried between camels or mules with scarlet and brass trappings ...
1861, Justin Perkins, Missionary Life in Persia, pages 25-26:
An hour after the courier, the takhtrawan (which is a kind of litter borne by two mules) also arrived... her delicate state of health now rendered the exchange of her saddle for the litter most grateful, and even necessary.
1870, Rufus Anderson, chapter VI, in History of the Missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, volume I:
His life was probably saved by Mr. Dwight... requesting the aid of a takhtirewán, the only native carriage known to the Persians. It resembles a sedan-chair, except in being borne by two mules or horses, and closed from the external air, and in requiring a lying posture.
For men and women who suffer from being in the saddle for so many hours, there is a choice between the "kerjava" and the "takht-i-rawan"... although two mules carry a takht-i-rawan, those who employ this, the superior form of carriage, pay for four mules. The takht-i-rawan is used by great ladies of the Shah's court, by the aged and infirm, and by the ladies of the foreign embassies... One can rarely find a takht-i-rawan when such a carriage is wanted; they are usually built to order, and cost from six to ten pounds sterling.
1891, François Bernier, translated by Archibald Constable et al., Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 1656-1668, page 214:
Whenever the King takes an excursion in his Paleky, on an elephant, or in a Tact-Ravan (or travelling throne, carried upon the shoulders of eight men, who are cleverly relieved from time to time when on the march by eight others), all the Omrahs who are not prevented by illness, disabled by age, or exempted by a peculiar office, are bound to accompany him on horseback...
2019 December, Nazer Aziz Anjum, “Officials' Transport in Mughal India”, in Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, volume 80, page 431:
One of the open palanquins which the Mughal emperors, especially Aurangzeb, preferred, was Takht-i rawan. At one occasion in 1662, the Dutch had presented 'several articles of Chinese and Japanese workmanship; among which were a paleky and a Tack-ravan or travelling throne, of exquisite beauty, and much admired'.
2021 December, Harpreet Kaur, "Guru Tegh Bahadur: Upholder of Democratic Principles", Studies in Sikhism and Comparative Religion, Vol. XLVI No. 2, p. 33:
On Friday, 27th October, 1676 A.D. while the Emperor was returning from the Jama mosque and had alighted from the boat in order to mount the movable chair (takht-i-rawan), an ill-fated disciple of Guru Tegh Bahadur threw two bricks, one of which reached the chair. He was seized by the retinue and ordered to be made over to the Kotwal.
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.