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thuka. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
thuka, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
thuka in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
thuka you have here. The definition of the word
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Xhosa
Verb
-thuka?
- (transitive) to insult
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Zulu
Etymology 1
Clipping of -ethúka.
Verb
-thúka
- (transitive, intransitive) Alternative form of -ethúka
Inflection
Tone H
|
Infinitive
|
ukuthuka
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukuthuka
|
ukungathuki
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
thuka
|
-thuke
|
Plural
|
thukani
|
-thukeni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyathuka, ngithuka
|
engithukayo, engithuka
|
ngithuka
|
angithuki
|
engingathuki
|
ngingathuki
|
2nd singular
|
uyathuka, uthuka
|
othukayo, othuka
|
uthuka
|
awuthuki
|
ongathuki
|
ungathuki
|
1st plural
|
siyathuka, sithuka
|
esithukayo, esithuka
|
sithuka
|
asithuki
|
esingathuki
|
singathuki
|
2nd plural
|
niyathuka, nithuka
|
enithukayo, enithuka
|
nithuka
|
anithuki
|
eningathuki
|
ningathuki
|
Class 1
|
uyathuka, uthuka
|
othukayo, othuka
|
ethuka
|
akathuki
|
ongathuki
|
engathuki
|
Class 2
|
bayathuka, bathuka
|
abathukayo, abathuka
|
bethuka
|
abathuki
|
abangathuki
|
bengathuki
|
Class 3
|
uyathuka, uthuka
|
othukayo, othuka
|
uthuka
|
awuthuki
|
ongathuki
|
ungathuki
|
Class 4
|
iyathuka, ithuka
|
ethukayo, ethuka
|
ithuka
|
ayithuki
|
engathuki
|
ingathuki
|
Class 5
|
liyathuka, lithuka
|
elithukayo, elithuka
|
lithuka
|
alithuki
|
elingathuki
|
lingathuki
|
Class 6
|
ayathuka, athuka
|
athukayo, athuka
|
ethuka
|
awathuki
|
angathuki
|
engathuki
|
Class 7
|
siyathuka, sithuka
|
esithukayo, esithuka
|
sithuka
|
asithuki
|
esingathuki
|
singathuki
|
Class 8
|
ziyathuka, zithuka
|
ezithukayo, ezithuka
|
zithuka
|
azithuki
|
ezingathuki
|
zingathuki
|
Class 9
|
iyathuka, ithuka
|
ethukayo, ethuka
|
ithuka
|
ayithuki
|
engathuki
|
ingathuki
|
Class 10
|
ziyathuka, zithuka
|
ezithukayo, ezithuka
|
zithuka
|
azithuki
|
ezingathuki
|
zingathuki
|
Class 11
|
luyathuka, luthuka
|
oluthukayo, oluthuka
|
luthuka
|
aluthuki
|
olungathuki
|
lungathuki
|
Class 14
|
buyathuka, buthuka
|
obuthukayo, obuthuka
|
buthuka
|
abuthuki
|
obungathuki
|
bungathuki
|
Class 15
|
kuyathuka, kuthuka
|
okuthukayo, okuthuka
|
kuthuka
|
akuthuki
|
okungathuki
|
kungathuki
|
Class 17
|
kuyathuka, kuthuka
|
okuthukayo, okuthuka
|
kuthuka
|
akuthuki
|
okungathuki
|
kungathuki
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngithukile, ngithukē
|
engithukile, engithukē
|
ngithukile, ngithukē
|
angithukanga
|
engingathukanga
|
ngingathukanga
|
2nd singular
|
uthukile, uthukē
|
othukile, othukē
|
uthukile, uthukē
|
awuthukanga
|
ongathukanga
|
ungathukanga
|
1st plural
|
sithukile, sithukē
|
esithukile, esithukē
|
sithukile, sithukē
|
asithukanga
|
esingathukanga
|
singathukanga
|
2nd plural
|
nithukile, nithukē
|
enithukile, enithukē
|
nithukile, nithukē
|
anithukanga
|
eningathukanga
|
ningathukanga
|
Class 1
|
uthukile, uthukē
|
othukile, othukē
|
ethukile, ethukē
|
akathukanga
|
ongathukanga
|
engathukanga
|
Class 2
|
bathukile, bathukē
|
abathukile, abathukē
|
bethukile, bethukē
|
abathukanga
|
abangathukanga
|
bengathukanga
|
Class 3
|
uthukile, uthukē
|
othukile, othukē
|
uthukile, uthukē
|
awuthukanga
|
ongathukanga
|
ungathukanga
|
Class 4
|
ithukile, ithukē
|
ethukile, ethukē
|
ithukile, ithukē
|
ayithukanga
|
engathukanga
|
ingathukanga
|
Class 5
|
lithukile, lithukē
|
elithukile, elithukē
|
lithukile, lithukē
|
alithukanga
|
elingathukanga
|
lingathukanga
|
Class 6
|
athukile, athukē
|
athukile, athukē
|
ethukile, ethukē
|
awathukanga
|
angathukanga
|
engathukanga
|
Class 7
|
sithukile, sithukē
|
esithukile, esithukē
|
sithukile, sithukē
|
asithukanga
|
esingathukanga
|
singathukanga
|
Class 8
|
zithukile, zithukē
|
ezithukile, ezithukē
|
zithukile, zithukē
|
azithukanga
|
ezingathukanga
|
zingathukanga
|
Class 9
|
ithukile, ithukē
|
ethukile, ethukē
|
ithukile, ithukē
|
ayithukanga
|
engathukanga
|
ingathukanga
|
Class 10
|
zithukile, zithukē
|
ezithukile, ezithukē
|
zithukile, zithukē
|
azithukanga
|
ezingathukanga
|
zingathukanga
|
Class 11
|
luthukile, luthukē
|
oluthukile, oluthukē
|
luthukile, luthukē
|
aluthukanga
|
olungathukanga
|
lungathukanga
|
Class 14
|
buthukile, buthukē
|
obuthukile, obuthukē
|
buthukile, buthukē
|
abuthukanga
|
obungathukanga
|
bungathukanga
|
Class 15
|
kuthukile, kuthukē
|
okuthukile, okuthukē
|
kuthukile, kuthukē
|
akuthukanga
|
okungathukanga
|
kungathukanga
|
Class 17
|
kuthukile, kuthukē
|
okuthukile, okuthukē
|
kuthukile, kuthukē
|
akuthukanga
|
okungathukanga
|
kungathukanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāthuka
|
engāthuka
|
ngāthuka
|
angithukanga
|
engingathukanga
|
ngingathukanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāthuka
|
owāthuka
|
wāthuka
|
awuthukanga
|
ongathukanga
|
ungathukanga
|
1st plural
|
sāthuka
|
esāthuka
|
sāthuka
|
asithukanga
|
esingathukanga
|
singathukanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāthuka
|
enāthuka
|
nāthuka
|
anithukanga
|
eningathukanga
|
ningathukanga
|
Class 1
|
wāthuka
|
owāthuka
|
āthuka
|
akathukanga
|
ongathukanga
|
engathukanga
|
Class 2
|
bāthuka
|
abāthuka
|
bāthuka
|
abathukanga
|
abangathukanga
|
bengathukanga
|
Class 3
|
wāthuka
|
owāthuka
|
wāthuka
|
awuthukanga
|
ongathukanga
|
ungathukanga
|
Class 4
|
yāthuka
|
eyāthuka
|
yāthuka
|
ayithukanga
|
engathukanga
|
ingathukanga
|
Class 5
|
lāthuka
|
elāthuka
|
lāthuka
|
alithukanga
|
elingathukanga
|
lingathukanga
|
Class 6
|
āthuka
|
āthuka
|
āthuka
|
awathukanga
|
angathukanga
|
engathukanga
|
Class 7
|
sāthuka
|
esāthuka
|
sāthuka
|
asithukanga
|
esingathukanga
|
singathukanga
|
Class 8
|
zāthuka
|
ezāthuka
|
zāthuka
|
azithukanga
|
ezingathukanga
|
zingathukanga
|
Class 9
|
yāthuka
|
eyāthuka
|
yāthuka
|
ayithukanga
|
engathukanga
|
ingathukanga
|
Class 10
|
zāthuka
|
ezāthuka
|
zāthuka
|
azithukanga
|
ezingathukanga
|
zingathukanga
|
Class 11
|
lwāthuka
|
olwāthuka
|
lwāthuka
|
aluthukanga
|
olungathukanga
|
lungathukanga
|
Class 14
|
bāthuka
|
obāthuka
|
bāthuka
|
abuthukanga
|
obungathukanga
|
bungathukanga
|
Class 15
|
kwāthuka
|
okwāthuka
|
kwāthuka
|
akuthukanga
|
okungathukanga
|
kungathukanga
|
Class 17
|
kwāthuka
|
okwāthuka
|
kwāthuka
|
akuthukanga
|
okungathukanga
|
kungathukanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingathuka
|
—
|
ngingathuka
|
ngingethuke
|
—
|
ngingethuke
|
2nd singular
|
ungathuka
|
—
|
ungathuka
|
ungethuke
|
—
|
ungethuke
|
1st plural
|
singathuka
|
—
|
singathuka
|
singethuke
|
—
|
singethuke
|
2nd plural
|
ningathuka
|
—
|
ningathuka
|
ningethuke
|
—
|
ningethuke
|
Class 1
|
angathuka
|
—
|
engathuka
|
angethuke
|
—
|
engethuke
|
Class 2
|
bangathuka
|
—
|
bengathuka
|
bangethuke
|
—
|
bengethuke
|
Class 3
|
ungathuka
|
—
|
ungathuka
|
ungethuke
|
—
|
ungethuke
|
Class 4
|
ingathuka
|
—
|
ingathuka
|
ingethuke
|
—
|
ingethuke
|
Class 5
|
lingathuka
|
—
|
lingathuka
|
lingethuke
|
—
|
lingethuke
|
Class 6
|
angathuka
|
—
|
engathuka
|
angethuke
|
—
|
engethuke
|
Class 7
|
singathuka
|
—
|
singathuka
|
singethuke
|
—
|
singethuke
|
Class 8
|
zingathuka
|
—
|
zingathuka
|
zingethuke
|
—
|
zingethuke
|
Class 9
|
ingathuka
|
—
|
ingathuka
|
ingethuke
|
—
|
ingethuke
|
Class 10
|
zingathuka
|
—
|
zingathuka
|
zingethuke
|
—
|
zingethuke
|
Class 11
|
lungathuka
|
—
|
lungathuka
|
lungethuke
|
—
|
lungethuke
|
Class 14
|
bungathuka
|
—
|
bungathuka
|
bungethuke
|
—
|
bungethuke
|
Class 15
|
kungathuka
|
—
|
kungathuka
|
kungethuke
|
—
|
kungethuke
|
Class 17
|
kungathuka
|
—
|
kungathuka
|
kungethuke
|
—
|
kungethuke
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizothuka
|
engizothuka
|
ngizothuka
|
angizuthuka
|
engingezuthuka
|
ngingezuthuka
|
2nd singular
|
uzothuka
|
ozothuka
|
uzothuka
|
awuzuthuka
|
ongezuthuka
|
ungezuthuka
|
1st plural
|
sizothuka
|
esizothuka
|
sizothuka
|
asizuthuka
|
esingezuthuka
|
singezuthuka
|
2nd plural
|
nizothuka
|
enizothuka
|
nizothuka
|
anizuthuka
|
eningezuthuka
|
ningezuthuka
|
Class 1
|
uzothuka
|
ozothuka
|
ezothuka
|
akazuthuka
|
ongezuthuka
|
engezuthuka
|
Class 2
|
bazothuka
|
abazothuka
|
bezothuka
|
abazuthuka
|
abangezuthuka
|
bengezuthuka
|
Class 3
|
uzothuka
|
ozothuka
|
uzothuka
|
awuzuthuka
|
ongezuthuka
|
ungezuthuka
|
Class 4
|
izothuka
|
ezothuka
|
izothuka
|
ayizuthuka
|
engezuthuka
|
ingezuthuka
|
Class 5
|
lizothuka
|
elizothuka
|
lizothuka
|
alizuthuka
|
elingezuthuka
|
lingezuthuka
|
Class 6
|
azothuka
|
azothuka
|
ezothuka
|
awazuthuka
|
angezuthuka
|
engezuthuka
|
Class 7
|
sizothuka
|
esizothuka
|
sizothuka
|
asizuthuka
|
esingezuthuka
|
singezuthuka
|
Class 8
|
zizothuka
|
ezizothuka
|
zizothuka
|
azizuthuka
|
ezingezuthuka
|
zingezuthuka
|
Class 9
|
izothuka
|
ezothuka
|
izothuka
|
ayizuthuka
|
engezuthuka
|
ingezuthuka
|
Class 10
|
zizothuka
|
ezizothuka
|
zizothuka
|
azizuthuka
|
ezingezuthuka
|
zingezuthuka
|
Class 11
|
luzothuka
|
oluzothuka
|
luzothuka
|
aluzuthuka
|
olungezuthuka
|
lungezuthuka
|
Class 14
|
buzothuka
|
obuzothuka
|
buzothuka
|
abuzuthuka
|
obungezuthuka
|
bungezuthuka
|
Class 15
|
kuzothuka
|
okuzothuka
|
kuzothuka
|
akuzuthuka
|
okungezuthuka
|
kungezuthuka
|
Class 17
|
kuzothuka
|
okuzothuka
|
kuzothuka
|
akuzuthuka
|
okungezuthuka
|
kungezuthuka
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyothuka
|
engiyothuka
|
ngiyothuka
|
angiyuthuka
|
engingeyuthuka
|
ngingeyuthuka
|
2nd singular
|
uyothuka
|
oyothuka
|
uyothuka
|
awuyuthuka
|
ongeyuthuka
|
ungeyuthuka
|
1st plural
|
siyothuka
|
esiyothuka
|
siyothuka
|
asiyuthuka
|
esingeyuthuka
|
singeyuthuka
|
2nd plural
|
niyothuka
|
eniyothuka
|
niyothuka
|
aniyuthuka
|
eningeyuthuka
|
ningeyuthuka
|
Class 1
|
uyothuka
|
oyothuka
|
eyothuka
|
akayuthuka
|
ongeyuthuka
|
engeyuthuka
|
Class 2
|
bayothuka
|
abayothuka
|
beyothuka
|
abayuthuka
|
abangeyuthuka
|
bengeyuthuka
|
Class 3
|
uyothuka
|
oyothuka
|
uyothuka
|
awuyuthuka
|
ongeyuthuka
|
ungeyuthuka
|
Class 4
|
iyothuka
|
eyothuka
|
iyothuka
|
ayiyuthuka
|
engeyuthuka
|
ingeyuthuka
|
Class 5
|
liyothuka
|
eliyothuka
|
liyothuka
|
aliyuthuka
|
elingeyuthuka
|
lingeyuthuka
|
Class 6
|
ayothuka
|
ayothuka
|
eyothuka
|
awayuthuka
|
angeyuthuka
|
engeyuthuka
|
Class 7
|
siyothuka
|
esiyothuka
|
siyothuka
|
asiyuthuka
|
esingeyuthuka
|
singeyuthuka
|
Class 8
|
ziyothuka
|
eziyothuka
|
ziyothuka
|
aziyuthuka
|
ezingeyuthuka
|
zingeyuthuka
|
Class 9
|
iyothuka
|
eyothuka
|
iyothuka
|
ayiyuthuka
|
engeyuthuka
|
ingeyuthuka
|
Class 10
|
ziyothuka
|
eziyothuka
|
ziyothuka
|
aziyuthuka
|
ezingeyuthuka
|
zingeyuthuka
|
Class 11
|
luyothuka
|
oluyothuka
|
luyothuka
|
aluyuthuka
|
olungeyuthuka
|
lungeyuthuka
|
Class 14
|
buyothuka
|
obuyothuka
|
buyothuka
|
abuyuthuka
|
obungeyuthuka
|
bungeyuthuka
|
Class 15
|
kuyothuka
|
okuyothuka
|
kuyothuka
|
akuyuthuka
|
okungeyuthuka
|
kungeyuthuka
|
Class 17
|
kuyothuka
|
okuyothuka
|
kuyothuka
|
akuyuthuka
|
okungeyuthuka
|
kungeyuthuka
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngithuke
|
ngingathuki
|
2nd singular
|
uthuke
|
ungathuki
|
1st plural
|
sithuke
|
singathuki
|
2nd plural
|
nithuke
|
ningathuki
|
Class 1
|
athuke
|
angathuki
|
Class 2
|
bathuke
|
bangathuki
|
Class 3
|
uthuke
|
ungathuki
|
Class 4
|
ithuke
|
ingathuki
|
Class 5
|
lithuke
|
lingathuki
|
Class 6
|
athuke
|
angathuki
|
Class 7
|
sithuke
|
singathuki
|
Class 8
|
zithuke
|
zingathuki
|
Class 9
|
ithuke
|
ingathuki
|
Class 10
|
zithuke
|
zingathuki
|
Class 11
|
luthuke
|
lungathuki
|
Class 14
|
buthuke
|
bungathuki
|
Class 15
|
kuthuke
|
kungathuki
|
Class 17
|
kuthuke
|
kungathuki
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngathuka
|
ngangathuka, angathuka, angangathuka
|
2nd singular
|
wathuka
|
wangathuka, awathuka, awangathuka
|
1st plural
|
sathuka
|
sangathuka, asathuka, asangathuka
|
2nd plural
|
nathuka
|
nangathuka, anathuka, anangathuka
|
Class 1
|
wathuka
|
wangathuka, akathuka, akangathuka
|
Class 2
|
bathuka
|
bangathuka, abathuka, abangathuka
|
Class 3
|
wathuka
|
wangathuka, awathuka, awangathuka
|
Class 4
|
yathuka
|
yangathuka, ayathuka, ayangathuka
|
Class 5
|
lathuka
|
langathuka, alathuka, alangathuka
|
Class 6
|
athuka
|
angathuka, awathuka, awangathuka
|
Class 7
|
sathuka
|
sangathuka, asathuka, asangathuka
|
Class 8
|
zathuka
|
zangathuka, azathuka, azangathuka
|
Class 9
|
yathuka
|
yangathuka, ayathuka, ayangathuka
|
Class 10
|
zathuka
|
zangathuka, azathuka, azangathuka
|
Class 11
|
lwathuka
|
lwangathuka, alwathuka, alwangathuka
|
Class 14
|
bathuka
|
bangathuka, abathuka, abangathuka
|
Class 15
|
kwathuka
|
kwangathuka, akwathuka, akwangathuka
|
Class 17
|
kwathuka
|
kwangathuka, akwathuka, akwangathuka
|
References
Etymology 2
Clipping of -ethuka.
Verb
thuka
- (intransitive) Alternative form of -ethuka
Inflection
Tone L
|
Infinitive
|
ukuthuka
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukuthuka
|
ukungathuki
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
thuka
|
-thuke
|
Plural
|
thukani
|
-thukeni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyathuka, ngithuka
|
engithukayo, engithuka
|
ngithuka
|
angithuki
|
engingathuki
|
ngingathuki
|
2nd singular
|
uyathuka, uthuka
|
othukayo, othuka
|
uthuka
|
awuthuki
|
ongathuki
|
ungathuki
|
1st plural
|
siyathuka, sithuka
|
esithukayo, esithuka
|
sithuka
|
asithuki
|
esingathuki
|
singathuki
|
2nd plural
|
niyathuka, nithuka
|
enithukayo, enithuka
|
nithuka
|
anithuki
|
eningathuki
|
ningathuki
|
Class 1
|
uyathuka, uthuka
|
othukayo, othuka
|
ethuka
|
akathuki
|
ongathuki
|
engathuki
|
Class 2
|
bayathuka, bathuka
|
abathukayo, abathuka
|
bethuka
|
abathuki
|
abangathuki
|
bengathuki
|
Class 3
|
uyathuka, uthuka
|
othukayo, othuka
|
uthuka
|
awuthuki
|
ongathuki
|
ungathuki
|
Class 4
|
iyathuka, ithuka
|
ethukayo, ethuka
|
ithuka
|
ayithuki
|
engathuki
|
ingathuki
|
Class 5
|
liyathuka, lithuka
|
elithukayo, elithuka
|
lithuka
|
alithuki
|
elingathuki
|
lingathuki
|
Class 6
|
ayathuka, athuka
|
athukayo, athuka
|
ethuka
|
awathuki
|
angathuki
|
engathuki
|
Class 7
|
siyathuka, sithuka
|
esithukayo, esithuka
|
sithuka
|
asithuki
|
esingathuki
|
singathuki
|
Class 8
|
ziyathuka, zithuka
|
ezithukayo, ezithuka
|
zithuka
|
azithuki
|
ezingathuki
|
zingathuki
|
Class 9
|
iyathuka, ithuka
|
ethukayo, ethuka
|
ithuka
|
ayithuki
|
engathuki
|
ingathuki
|
Class 10
|
ziyathuka, zithuka
|
ezithukayo, ezithuka
|
zithuka
|
azithuki
|
ezingathuki
|
zingathuki
|
Class 11
|
luyathuka, luthuka
|
oluthukayo, oluthuka
|
luthuka
|
aluthuki
|
olungathuki
|
lungathuki
|
Class 14
|
buyathuka, buthuka
|
obuthukayo, obuthuka
|
buthuka
|
abuthuki
|
obungathuki
|
bungathuki
|
Class 15
|
kuyathuka, kuthuka
|
okuthukayo, okuthuka
|
kuthuka
|
akuthuki
|
okungathuki
|
kungathuki
|
Class 17
|
kuyathuka, kuthuka
|
okuthukayo, okuthuka
|
kuthuka
|
akuthuki
|
okungathuki
|
kungathuki
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngithukile, ngithukē
|
engithukile, engithukē
|
ngithukile, ngithukē
|
angithukanga
|
engingathukanga
|
ngingathukanga
|
2nd singular
|
uthukile, uthukē
|
othukile, othukē
|
uthukile, uthukē
|
awuthukanga
|
ongathukanga
|
ungathukanga
|
1st plural
|
sithukile, sithukē
|
esithukile, esithukē
|
sithukile, sithukē
|
asithukanga
|
esingathukanga
|
singathukanga
|
2nd plural
|
nithukile, nithukē
|
enithukile, enithukē
|
nithukile, nithukē
|
anithukanga
|
eningathukanga
|
ningathukanga
|
Class 1
|
uthukile, uthukē
|
othukile, othukē
|
ethukile, ethukē
|
akathukanga
|
ongathukanga
|
engathukanga
|
Class 2
|
bathukile, bathukē
|
abathukile, abathukē
|
bethukile, bethukē
|
abathukanga
|
abangathukanga
|
bengathukanga
|
Class 3
|
uthukile, uthukē
|
othukile, othukē
|
uthukile, uthukē
|
awuthukanga
|
ongathukanga
|
ungathukanga
|
Class 4
|
ithukile, ithukē
|
ethukile, ethukē
|
ithukile, ithukē
|
ayithukanga
|
engathukanga
|
ingathukanga
|
Class 5
|
lithukile, lithukē
|
elithukile, elithukē
|
lithukile, lithukē
|
alithukanga
|
elingathukanga
|
lingathukanga
|
Class 6
|
athukile, athukē
|
athukile, athukē
|
ethukile, ethukē
|
awathukanga
|
angathukanga
|
engathukanga
|
Class 7
|
sithukile, sithukē
|
esithukile, esithukē
|
sithukile, sithukē
|
asithukanga
|
esingathukanga
|
singathukanga
|
Class 8
|
zithukile, zithukē
|
ezithukile, ezithukē
|
zithukile, zithukē
|
azithukanga
|
ezingathukanga
|
zingathukanga
|
Class 9
|
ithukile, ithukē
|
ethukile, ethukē
|
ithukile, ithukē
|
ayithukanga
|
engathukanga
|
ingathukanga
|
Class 10
|
zithukile, zithukē
|
ezithukile, ezithukē
|
zithukile, zithukē
|
azithukanga
|
ezingathukanga
|
zingathukanga
|
Class 11
|
luthukile, luthukē
|
oluthukile, oluthukē
|
luthukile, luthukē
|
aluthukanga
|
olungathukanga
|
lungathukanga
|
Class 14
|
buthukile, buthukē
|
obuthukile, obuthukē
|
buthukile, buthukē
|
abuthukanga
|
obungathukanga
|
bungathukanga
|
Class 15
|
kuthukile, kuthukē
|
okuthukile, okuthukē
|
kuthukile, kuthukē
|
akuthukanga
|
okungathukanga
|
kungathukanga
|
Class 17
|
kuthukile, kuthukē
|
okuthukile, okuthukē
|
kuthukile, kuthukē
|
akuthukanga
|
okungathukanga
|
kungathukanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāthuka
|
engāthuka
|
ngāthuka
|
angithukanga
|
engingathukanga
|
ngingathukanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāthuka
|
owāthuka
|
wāthuka
|
awuthukanga
|
ongathukanga
|
ungathukanga
|
1st plural
|
sāthuka
|
esāthuka
|
sāthuka
|
asithukanga
|
esingathukanga
|
singathukanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāthuka
|
enāthuka
|
nāthuka
|
anithukanga
|
eningathukanga
|
ningathukanga
|
Class 1
|
wāthuka
|
owāthuka
|
āthuka
|
akathukanga
|
ongathukanga
|
engathukanga
|
Class 2
|
bāthuka
|
abāthuka
|
bāthuka
|
abathukanga
|
abangathukanga
|
bengathukanga
|
Class 3
|
wāthuka
|
owāthuka
|
wāthuka
|
awuthukanga
|
ongathukanga
|
ungathukanga
|
Class 4
|
yāthuka
|
eyāthuka
|
yāthuka
|
ayithukanga
|
engathukanga
|
ingathukanga
|
Class 5
|
lāthuka
|
elāthuka
|
lāthuka
|
alithukanga
|
elingathukanga
|
lingathukanga
|
Class 6
|
āthuka
|
āthuka
|
āthuka
|
awathukanga
|
angathukanga
|
engathukanga
|
Class 7
|
sāthuka
|
esāthuka
|
sāthuka
|
asithukanga
|
esingathukanga
|
singathukanga
|
Class 8
|
zāthuka
|
ezāthuka
|
zāthuka
|
azithukanga
|
ezingathukanga
|
zingathukanga
|
Class 9
|
yāthuka
|
eyāthuka
|
yāthuka
|
ayithukanga
|
engathukanga
|
ingathukanga
|
Class 10
|
zāthuka
|
ezāthuka
|
zāthuka
|
azithukanga
|
ezingathukanga
|
zingathukanga
|
Class 11
|
lwāthuka
|
olwāthuka
|
lwāthuka
|
aluthukanga
|
olungathukanga
|
lungathukanga
|
Class 14
|
bāthuka
|
obāthuka
|
bāthuka
|
abuthukanga
|
obungathukanga
|
bungathukanga
|
Class 15
|
kwāthuka
|
okwāthuka
|
kwāthuka
|
akuthukanga
|
okungathukanga
|
kungathukanga
|
Class 17
|
kwāthuka
|
okwāthuka
|
kwāthuka
|
akuthukanga
|
okungathukanga
|
kungathukanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingathuka
|
—
|
ngingathuka
|
ngingethuke
|
—
|
ngingethuke
|
2nd singular
|
ungathuka
|
—
|
ungathuka
|
ungethuke
|
—
|
ungethuke
|
1st plural
|
singathuka
|
—
|
singathuka
|
singethuke
|
—
|
singethuke
|
2nd plural
|
ningathuka
|
—
|
ningathuka
|
ningethuke
|
—
|
ningethuke
|
Class 1
|
angathuka
|
—
|
engathuka
|
angethuke
|
—
|
engethuke
|
Class 2
|
bangathuka
|
—
|
bengathuka
|
bangethuke
|
—
|
bengethuke
|
Class 3
|
ungathuka
|
—
|
ungathuka
|
ungethuke
|
—
|
ungethuke
|
Class 4
|
ingathuka
|
—
|
ingathuka
|
ingethuke
|
—
|
ingethuke
|
Class 5
|
lingathuka
|
—
|
lingathuka
|
lingethuke
|
—
|
lingethuke
|
Class 6
|
angathuka
|
—
|
engathuka
|
angethuke
|
—
|
engethuke
|
Class 7
|
singathuka
|
—
|
singathuka
|
singethuke
|
—
|
singethuke
|
Class 8
|
zingathuka
|
—
|
zingathuka
|
zingethuke
|
—
|
zingethuke
|
Class 9
|
ingathuka
|
—
|
ingathuka
|
ingethuke
|
—
|
ingethuke
|
Class 10
|
zingathuka
|
—
|
zingathuka
|
zingethuke
|
—
|
zingethuke
|
Class 11
|
lungathuka
|
—
|
lungathuka
|
lungethuke
|
—
|
lungethuke
|
Class 14
|
bungathuka
|
—
|
bungathuka
|
bungethuke
|
—
|
bungethuke
|
Class 15
|
kungathuka
|
—
|
kungathuka
|
kungethuke
|
—
|
kungethuke
|
Class 17
|
kungathuka
|
—
|
kungathuka
|
kungethuke
|
—
|
kungethuke
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizothuka
|
engizothuka
|
ngizothuka
|
angizuthuka
|
engingezuthuka
|
ngingezuthuka
|
2nd singular
|
uzothuka
|
ozothuka
|
uzothuka
|
awuzuthuka
|
ongezuthuka
|
ungezuthuka
|
1st plural
|
sizothuka
|
esizothuka
|
sizothuka
|
asizuthuka
|
esingezuthuka
|
singezuthuka
|
2nd plural
|
nizothuka
|
enizothuka
|
nizothuka
|
anizuthuka
|
eningezuthuka
|
ningezuthuka
|
Class 1
|
uzothuka
|
ozothuka
|
ezothuka
|
akazuthuka
|
ongezuthuka
|
engezuthuka
|
Class 2
|
bazothuka
|
abazothuka
|
bezothuka
|
abazuthuka
|
abangezuthuka
|
bengezuthuka
|
Class 3
|
uzothuka
|
ozothuka
|
uzothuka
|
awuzuthuka
|
ongezuthuka
|
ungezuthuka
|
Class 4
|
izothuka
|
ezothuka
|
izothuka
|
ayizuthuka
|
engezuthuka
|
ingezuthuka
|
Class 5
|
lizothuka
|
elizothuka
|
lizothuka
|
alizuthuka
|
elingezuthuka
|
lingezuthuka
|
Class 6
|
azothuka
|
azothuka
|
ezothuka
|
awazuthuka
|
angezuthuka
|
engezuthuka
|
Class 7
|
sizothuka
|
esizothuka
|
sizothuka
|
asizuthuka
|
esingezuthuka
|
singezuthuka
|
Class 8
|
zizothuka
|
ezizothuka
|
zizothuka
|
azizuthuka
|
ezingezuthuka
|
zingezuthuka
|
Class 9
|
izothuka
|
ezothuka
|
izothuka
|
ayizuthuka
|
engezuthuka
|
ingezuthuka
|
Class 10
|
zizothuka
|
ezizothuka
|
zizothuka
|
azizuthuka
|
ezingezuthuka
|
zingezuthuka
|
Class 11
|
luzothuka
|
oluzothuka
|
luzothuka
|
aluzuthuka
|
olungezuthuka
|
lungezuthuka
|
Class 14
|
buzothuka
|
obuzothuka
|
buzothuka
|
abuzuthuka
|
obungezuthuka
|
bungezuthuka
|
Class 15
|
kuzothuka
|
okuzothuka
|
kuzothuka
|
akuzuthuka
|
okungezuthuka
|
kungezuthuka
|
Class 17
|
kuzothuka
|
okuzothuka
|
kuzothuka
|
akuzuthuka
|
okungezuthuka
|
kungezuthuka
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyothuka
|
engiyothuka
|
ngiyothuka
|
angiyuthuka
|
engingeyuthuka
|
ngingeyuthuka
|
2nd singular
|
uyothuka
|
oyothuka
|
uyothuka
|
awuyuthuka
|
ongeyuthuka
|
ungeyuthuka
|
1st plural
|
siyothuka
|
esiyothuka
|
siyothuka
|
asiyuthuka
|
esingeyuthuka
|
singeyuthuka
|
2nd plural
|
niyothuka
|
eniyothuka
|
niyothuka
|
aniyuthuka
|
eningeyuthuka
|
ningeyuthuka
|
Class 1
|
uyothuka
|
oyothuka
|
eyothuka
|
akayuthuka
|
ongeyuthuka
|
engeyuthuka
|
Class 2
|
bayothuka
|
abayothuka
|
beyothuka
|
abayuthuka
|
abangeyuthuka
|
bengeyuthuka
|
Class 3
|
uyothuka
|
oyothuka
|
uyothuka
|
awuyuthuka
|
ongeyuthuka
|
ungeyuthuka
|
Class 4
|
iyothuka
|
eyothuka
|
iyothuka
|
ayiyuthuka
|
engeyuthuka
|
ingeyuthuka
|
Class 5
|
liyothuka
|
eliyothuka
|
liyothuka
|
aliyuthuka
|
elingeyuthuka
|
lingeyuthuka
|
Class 6
|
ayothuka
|
ayothuka
|
eyothuka
|
awayuthuka
|
angeyuthuka
|
engeyuthuka
|
Class 7
|
siyothuka
|
esiyothuka
|
siyothuka
|
asiyuthuka
|
esingeyuthuka
|
singeyuthuka
|
Class 8
|
ziyothuka
|
eziyothuka
|
ziyothuka
|
aziyuthuka
|
ezingeyuthuka
|
zingeyuthuka
|
Class 9
|
iyothuka
|
eyothuka
|
iyothuka
|
ayiyuthuka
|
engeyuthuka
|
ingeyuthuka
|
Class 10
|
ziyothuka
|
eziyothuka
|
ziyothuka
|
aziyuthuka
|
ezingeyuthuka
|
zingeyuthuka
|
Class 11
|
luyothuka
|
oluyothuka
|
luyothuka
|
aluyuthuka
|
olungeyuthuka
|
lungeyuthuka
|
Class 14
|
buyothuka
|
obuyothuka
|
buyothuka
|
abuyuthuka
|
obungeyuthuka
|
bungeyuthuka
|
Class 15
|
kuyothuka
|
okuyothuka
|
kuyothuka
|
akuyuthuka
|
okungeyuthuka
|
kungeyuthuka
|
Class 17
|
kuyothuka
|
okuyothuka
|
kuyothuka
|
akuyuthuka
|
okungeyuthuka
|
kungeyuthuka
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngithuke
|
ngingathuki
|
2nd singular
|
uthuke
|
ungathuki
|
1st plural
|
sithuke
|
singathuki
|
2nd plural
|
nithuke
|
ningathuki
|
Class 1
|
athuke
|
angathuki
|
Class 2
|
bathuke
|
bangathuki
|
Class 3
|
uthuke
|
ungathuki
|
Class 4
|
ithuke
|
ingathuki
|
Class 5
|
lithuke
|
lingathuki
|
Class 6
|
athuke
|
angathuki
|
Class 7
|
sithuke
|
singathuki
|
Class 8
|
zithuke
|
zingathuki
|
Class 9
|
ithuke
|
ingathuki
|
Class 10
|
zithuke
|
zingathuki
|
Class 11
|
luthuke
|
lungathuki
|
Class 14
|
buthuke
|
bungathuki
|
Class 15
|
kuthuke
|
kungathuki
|
Class 17
|
kuthuke
|
kungathuki
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngathuka
|
ngangathuka, angathuka, angangathuka
|
2nd singular
|
wathuka
|
wangathuka, awathuka, awangathuka
|
1st plural
|
sathuka
|
sangathuka, asathuka, asangathuka
|
2nd plural
|
nathuka
|
nangathuka, anathuka, anangathuka
|
Class 1
|
wathuka
|
wangathuka, akathuka, akangathuka
|
Class 2
|
bathuka
|
bangathuka, abathuka, abangathuka
|
Class 3
|
wathuka
|
wangathuka, awathuka, awangathuka
|
Class 4
|
yathuka
|
yangathuka, ayathuka, ayangathuka
|
Class 5
|
lathuka
|
langathuka, alathuka, alangathuka
|
Class 6
|
athuka
|
angathuka, awathuka, awangathuka
|
Class 7
|
sathuka
|
sangathuka, asathuka, asangathuka
|
Class 8
|
zathuka
|
zangathuka, azathuka, azangathuka
|
Class 9
|
yathuka
|
yangathuka, ayathuka, ayangathuka
|
Class 10
|
zathuka
|
zangathuka, azathuka, azangathuka
|
Class 11
|
lwathuka
|
lwangathuka, alwathuka, alwangathuka
|
Class 14
|
bathuka
|
bangathuka, abathuka, abangathuka
|
Class 15
|
kwathuka
|
kwangathuka, akwathuka, akwangathuka
|
Class 17
|
kwathuka
|
kwangathuka, akwathuka, akwangathuka
|
References