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Xhosa
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-tʊ́nga.
Verb
-thûnga
- (transitive) to sew
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Zulu
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-tʊ́nga.
Verb
-thunga
- to sew
Inflection
Tone L
|
Infinitive
|
ukuthunga
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukuthunga
|
ukungathungi
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
thunga
|
-thunge
|
Plural
|
thungani
|
-thungeni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyathunga, ngithunga
|
engithungayo, engithunga
|
ngithunga
|
angithungi
|
engingathungi
|
ngingathungi
|
2nd singular
|
uyathunga, uthunga
|
othungayo, othunga
|
uthunga
|
awuthungi
|
ongathungi
|
ungathungi
|
1st plural
|
siyathunga, sithunga
|
esithungayo, esithunga
|
sithunga
|
asithungi
|
esingathungi
|
singathungi
|
2nd plural
|
niyathunga, nithunga
|
enithungayo, enithunga
|
nithunga
|
anithungi
|
eningathungi
|
ningathungi
|
Class 1
|
uyathunga, uthunga
|
othungayo, othunga
|
ethunga
|
akathungi
|
ongathungi
|
engathungi
|
Class 2
|
bayathunga, bathunga
|
abathungayo, abathunga
|
bethunga
|
abathungi
|
abangathungi
|
bengathungi
|
Class 3
|
uyathunga, uthunga
|
othungayo, othunga
|
uthunga
|
awuthungi
|
ongathungi
|
ungathungi
|
Class 4
|
iyathunga, ithunga
|
ethungayo, ethunga
|
ithunga
|
ayithungi
|
engathungi
|
ingathungi
|
Class 5
|
liyathunga, lithunga
|
elithungayo, elithunga
|
lithunga
|
alithungi
|
elingathungi
|
lingathungi
|
Class 6
|
ayathunga, athunga
|
athungayo, athunga
|
ethunga
|
awathungi
|
angathungi
|
engathungi
|
Class 7
|
siyathunga, sithunga
|
esithungayo, esithunga
|
sithunga
|
asithungi
|
esingathungi
|
singathungi
|
Class 8
|
ziyathunga, zithunga
|
ezithungayo, ezithunga
|
zithunga
|
azithungi
|
ezingathungi
|
zingathungi
|
Class 9
|
iyathunga, ithunga
|
ethungayo, ethunga
|
ithunga
|
ayithungi
|
engathungi
|
ingathungi
|
Class 10
|
ziyathunga, zithunga
|
ezithungayo, ezithunga
|
zithunga
|
azithungi
|
ezingathungi
|
zingathungi
|
Class 11
|
luyathunga, luthunga
|
oluthungayo, oluthunga
|
luthunga
|
aluthungi
|
olungathungi
|
lungathungi
|
Class 14
|
buyathunga, buthunga
|
obuthungayo, obuthunga
|
buthunga
|
abuthungi
|
obungathungi
|
bungathungi
|
Class 15
|
kuyathunga, kuthunga
|
okuthungayo, okuthunga
|
kuthunga
|
akuthungi
|
okungathungi
|
kungathungi
|
Class 17
|
kuyathunga, kuthunga
|
okuthungayo, okuthunga
|
kuthunga
|
akuthungi
|
okungathungi
|
kungathungi
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngithungile, ngithungē
|
engithungile, engithungē
|
ngithungile, ngithungē
|
angithunganga
|
engingathunganga
|
ngingathunganga
|
2nd singular
|
uthungile, uthungē
|
othungile, othungē
|
uthungile, uthungē
|
awuthunganga
|
ongathunganga
|
ungathunganga
|
1st plural
|
sithungile, sithungē
|
esithungile, esithungē
|
sithungile, sithungē
|
asithunganga
|
esingathunganga
|
singathunganga
|
2nd plural
|
nithungile, nithungē
|
enithungile, enithungē
|
nithungile, nithungē
|
anithunganga
|
eningathunganga
|
ningathunganga
|
Class 1
|
uthungile, uthungē
|
othungile, othungē
|
ethungile, ethungē
|
akathunganga
|
ongathunganga
|
engathunganga
|
Class 2
|
bathungile, bathungē
|
abathungile, abathungē
|
bethungile, bethungē
|
abathunganga
|
abangathunganga
|
bengathunganga
|
Class 3
|
uthungile, uthungē
|
othungile, othungē
|
uthungile, uthungē
|
awuthunganga
|
ongathunganga
|
ungathunganga
|
Class 4
|
ithungile, ithungē
|
ethungile, ethungē
|
ithungile, ithungē
|
ayithunganga
|
engathunganga
|
ingathunganga
|
Class 5
|
lithungile, lithungē
|
elithungile, elithungē
|
lithungile, lithungē
|
alithunganga
|
elingathunganga
|
lingathunganga
|
Class 6
|
athungile, athungē
|
athungile, athungē
|
ethungile, ethungē
|
awathunganga
|
angathunganga
|
engathunganga
|
Class 7
|
sithungile, sithungē
|
esithungile, esithungē
|
sithungile, sithungē
|
asithunganga
|
esingathunganga
|
singathunganga
|
Class 8
|
zithungile, zithungē
|
ezithungile, ezithungē
|
zithungile, zithungē
|
azithunganga
|
ezingathunganga
|
zingathunganga
|
Class 9
|
ithungile, ithungē
|
ethungile, ethungē
|
ithungile, ithungē
|
ayithunganga
|
engathunganga
|
ingathunganga
|
Class 10
|
zithungile, zithungē
|
ezithungile, ezithungē
|
zithungile, zithungē
|
azithunganga
|
ezingathunganga
|
zingathunganga
|
Class 11
|
luthungile, luthungē
|
oluthungile, oluthungē
|
luthungile, luthungē
|
aluthunganga
|
olungathunganga
|
lungathunganga
|
Class 14
|
buthungile, buthungē
|
obuthungile, obuthungē
|
buthungile, buthungē
|
abuthunganga
|
obungathunganga
|
bungathunganga
|
Class 15
|
kuthungile, kuthungē
|
okuthungile, okuthungē
|
kuthungile, kuthungē
|
akuthunganga
|
okungathunganga
|
kungathunganga
|
Class 17
|
kuthungile, kuthungē
|
okuthungile, okuthungē
|
kuthungile, kuthungē
|
akuthunganga
|
okungathunganga
|
kungathunganga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāthunga
|
engāthunga
|
ngāthunga
|
angithunganga
|
engingathunganga
|
ngingathunganga
|
2nd singular
|
wāthunga
|
owāthunga
|
wāthunga
|
awuthunganga
|
ongathunganga
|
ungathunganga
|
1st plural
|
sāthunga
|
esāthunga
|
sāthunga
|
asithunganga
|
esingathunganga
|
singathunganga
|
2nd plural
|
nāthunga
|
enāthunga
|
nāthunga
|
anithunganga
|
eningathunganga
|
ningathunganga
|
Class 1
|
wāthunga
|
owāthunga
|
āthunga
|
akathunganga
|
ongathunganga
|
engathunganga
|
Class 2
|
bāthunga
|
abāthunga
|
bāthunga
|
abathunganga
|
abangathunganga
|
bengathunganga
|
Class 3
|
wāthunga
|
owāthunga
|
wāthunga
|
awuthunganga
|
ongathunganga
|
ungathunganga
|
Class 4
|
yāthunga
|
eyāthunga
|
yāthunga
|
ayithunganga
|
engathunganga
|
ingathunganga
|
Class 5
|
lāthunga
|
elāthunga
|
lāthunga
|
alithunganga
|
elingathunganga
|
lingathunganga
|
Class 6
|
āthunga
|
āthunga
|
āthunga
|
awathunganga
|
angathunganga
|
engathunganga
|
Class 7
|
sāthunga
|
esāthunga
|
sāthunga
|
asithunganga
|
esingathunganga
|
singathunganga
|
Class 8
|
zāthunga
|
ezāthunga
|
zāthunga
|
azithunganga
|
ezingathunganga
|
zingathunganga
|
Class 9
|
yāthunga
|
eyāthunga
|
yāthunga
|
ayithunganga
|
engathunganga
|
ingathunganga
|
Class 10
|
zāthunga
|
ezāthunga
|
zāthunga
|
azithunganga
|
ezingathunganga
|
zingathunganga
|
Class 11
|
lwāthunga
|
olwāthunga
|
lwāthunga
|
aluthunganga
|
olungathunganga
|
lungathunganga
|
Class 14
|
bāthunga
|
obāthunga
|
bāthunga
|
abuthunganga
|
obungathunganga
|
bungathunganga
|
Class 15
|
kwāthunga
|
okwāthunga
|
kwāthunga
|
akuthunganga
|
okungathunganga
|
kungathunganga
|
Class 17
|
kwāthunga
|
okwāthunga
|
kwāthunga
|
akuthunganga
|
okungathunganga
|
kungathunganga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingathunga
|
—
|
ngingathunga
|
ngingethunge
|
—
|
ngingethunge
|
2nd singular
|
ungathunga
|
—
|
ungathunga
|
ungethunge
|
—
|
ungethunge
|
1st plural
|
singathunga
|
—
|
singathunga
|
singethunge
|
—
|
singethunge
|
2nd plural
|
ningathunga
|
—
|
ningathunga
|
ningethunge
|
—
|
ningethunge
|
Class 1
|
angathunga
|
—
|
engathunga
|
angethunge
|
—
|
engethunge
|
Class 2
|
bangathunga
|
—
|
bengathunga
|
bangethunge
|
—
|
bengethunge
|
Class 3
|
ungathunga
|
—
|
ungathunga
|
ungethunge
|
—
|
ungethunge
|
Class 4
|
ingathunga
|
—
|
ingathunga
|
ingethunge
|
—
|
ingethunge
|
Class 5
|
lingathunga
|
—
|
lingathunga
|
lingethunge
|
—
|
lingethunge
|
Class 6
|
angathunga
|
—
|
engathunga
|
angethunge
|
—
|
engethunge
|
Class 7
|
singathunga
|
—
|
singathunga
|
singethunge
|
—
|
singethunge
|
Class 8
|
zingathunga
|
—
|
zingathunga
|
zingethunge
|
—
|
zingethunge
|
Class 9
|
ingathunga
|
—
|
ingathunga
|
ingethunge
|
—
|
ingethunge
|
Class 10
|
zingathunga
|
—
|
zingathunga
|
zingethunge
|
—
|
zingethunge
|
Class 11
|
lungathunga
|
—
|
lungathunga
|
lungethunge
|
—
|
lungethunge
|
Class 14
|
bungathunga
|
—
|
bungathunga
|
bungethunge
|
—
|
bungethunge
|
Class 15
|
kungathunga
|
—
|
kungathunga
|
kungethunge
|
—
|
kungethunge
|
Class 17
|
kungathunga
|
—
|
kungathunga
|
kungethunge
|
—
|
kungethunge
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizothunga
|
engizothunga
|
ngizothunga
|
angizuthunga
|
engingezuthunga
|
ngingezuthunga
|
2nd singular
|
uzothunga
|
ozothunga
|
uzothunga
|
awuzuthunga
|
ongezuthunga
|
ungezuthunga
|
1st plural
|
sizothunga
|
esizothunga
|
sizothunga
|
asizuthunga
|
esingezuthunga
|
singezuthunga
|
2nd plural
|
nizothunga
|
enizothunga
|
nizothunga
|
anizuthunga
|
eningezuthunga
|
ningezuthunga
|
Class 1
|
uzothunga
|
ozothunga
|
ezothunga
|
akazuthunga
|
ongezuthunga
|
engezuthunga
|
Class 2
|
bazothunga
|
abazothunga
|
bezothunga
|
abazuthunga
|
abangezuthunga
|
bengezuthunga
|
Class 3
|
uzothunga
|
ozothunga
|
uzothunga
|
awuzuthunga
|
ongezuthunga
|
ungezuthunga
|
Class 4
|
izothunga
|
ezothunga
|
izothunga
|
ayizuthunga
|
engezuthunga
|
ingezuthunga
|
Class 5
|
lizothunga
|
elizothunga
|
lizothunga
|
alizuthunga
|
elingezuthunga
|
lingezuthunga
|
Class 6
|
azothunga
|
azothunga
|
ezothunga
|
awazuthunga
|
angezuthunga
|
engezuthunga
|
Class 7
|
sizothunga
|
esizothunga
|
sizothunga
|
asizuthunga
|
esingezuthunga
|
singezuthunga
|
Class 8
|
zizothunga
|
ezizothunga
|
zizothunga
|
azizuthunga
|
ezingezuthunga
|
zingezuthunga
|
Class 9
|
izothunga
|
ezothunga
|
izothunga
|
ayizuthunga
|
engezuthunga
|
ingezuthunga
|
Class 10
|
zizothunga
|
ezizothunga
|
zizothunga
|
azizuthunga
|
ezingezuthunga
|
zingezuthunga
|
Class 11
|
luzothunga
|
oluzothunga
|
luzothunga
|
aluzuthunga
|
olungezuthunga
|
lungezuthunga
|
Class 14
|
buzothunga
|
obuzothunga
|
buzothunga
|
abuzuthunga
|
obungezuthunga
|
bungezuthunga
|
Class 15
|
kuzothunga
|
okuzothunga
|
kuzothunga
|
akuzuthunga
|
okungezuthunga
|
kungezuthunga
|
Class 17
|
kuzothunga
|
okuzothunga
|
kuzothunga
|
akuzuthunga
|
okungezuthunga
|
kungezuthunga
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyothunga
|
engiyothunga
|
ngiyothunga
|
angiyuthunga
|
engingeyuthunga
|
ngingeyuthunga
|
2nd singular
|
uyothunga
|
oyothunga
|
uyothunga
|
awuyuthunga
|
ongeyuthunga
|
ungeyuthunga
|
1st plural
|
siyothunga
|
esiyothunga
|
siyothunga
|
asiyuthunga
|
esingeyuthunga
|
singeyuthunga
|
2nd plural
|
niyothunga
|
eniyothunga
|
niyothunga
|
aniyuthunga
|
eningeyuthunga
|
ningeyuthunga
|
Class 1
|
uyothunga
|
oyothunga
|
eyothunga
|
akayuthunga
|
ongeyuthunga
|
engeyuthunga
|
Class 2
|
bayothunga
|
abayothunga
|
beyothunga
|
abayuthunga
|
abangeyuthunga
|
bengeyuthunga
|
Class 3
|
uyothunga
|
oyothunga
|
uyothunga
|
awuyuthunga
|
ongeyuthunga
|
ungeyuthunga
|
Class 4
|
iyothunga
|
eyothunga
|
iyothunga
|
ayiyuthunga
|
engeyuthunga
|
ingeyuthunga
|
Class 5
|
liyothunga
|
eliyothunga
|
liyothunga
|
aliyuthunga
|
elingeyuthunga
|
lingeyuthunga
|
Class 6
|
ayothunga
|
ayothunga
|
eyothunga
|
awayuthunga
|
angeyuthunga
|
engeyuthunga
|
Class 7
|
siyothunga
|
esiyothunga
|
siyothunga
|
asiyuthunga
|
esingeyuthunga
|
singeyuthunga
|
Class 8
|
ziyothunga
|
eziyothunga
|
ziyothunga
|
aziyuthunga
|
ezingeyuthunga
|
zingeyuthunga
|
Class 9
|
iyothunga
|
eyothunga
|
iyothunga
|
ayiyuthunga
|
engeyuthunga
|
ingeyuthunga
|
Class 10
|
ziyothunga
|
eziyothunga
|
ziyothunga
|
aziyuthunga
|
ezingeyuthunga
|
zingeyuthunga
|
Class 11
|
luyothunga
|
oluyothunga
|
luyothunga
|
aluyuthunga
|
olungeyuthunga
|
lungeyuthunga
|
Class 14
|
buyothunga
|
obuyothunga
|
buyothunga
|
abuyuthunga
|
obungeyuthunga
|
bungeyuthunga
|
Class 15
|
kuyothunga
|
okuyothunga
|
kuyothunga
|
akuyuthunga
|
okungeyuthunga
|
kungeyuthunga
|
Class 17
|
kuyothunga
|
okuyothunga
|
kuyothunga
|
akuyuthunga
|
okungeyuthunga
|
kungeyuthunga
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngithunge
|
ngingathungi
|
2nd singular
|
uthunge
|
ungathungi
|
1st plural
|
sithunge
|
singathungi
|
2nd plural
|
nithunge
|
ningathungi
|
Class 1
|
athunge
|
angathungi
|
Class 2
|
bathunge
|
bangathungi
|
Class 3
|
uthunge
|
ungathungi
|
Class 4
|
ithunge
|
ingathungi
|
Class 5
|
lithunge
|
lingathungi
|
Class 6
|
athunge
|
angathungi
|
Class 7
|
sithunge
|
singathungi
|
Class 8
|
zithunge
|
zingathungi
|
Class 9
|
ithunge
|
ingathungi
|
Class 10
|
zithunge
|
zingathungi
|
Class 11
|
luthunge
|
lungathungi
|
Class 14
|
buthunge
|
bungathungi
|
Class 15
|
kuthunge
|
kungathungi
|
Class 17
|
kuthunge
|
kungathungi
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngathunga
|
ngangathunga, angathunga, angangathunga
|
2nd singular
|
wathunga
|
wangathunga, awathunga, awangathunga
|
1st plural
|
sathunga
|
sangathunga, asathunga, asangathunga
|
2nd plural
|
nathunga
|
nangathunga, anathunga, anangathunga
|
Class 1
|
wathunga
|
wangathunga, akathunga, akangathunga
|
Class 2
|
bathunga
|
bangathunga, abathunga, abangathunga
|
Class 3
|
wathunga
|
wangathunga, awathunga, awangathunga
|
Class 4
|
yathunga
|
yangathunga, ayathunga, ayangathunga
|
Class 5
|
lathunga
|
langathunga, alathunga, alangathunga
|
Class 6
|
athunga
|
angathunga, awathunga, awangathunga
|
Class 7
|
sathunga
|
sangathunga, asathunga, asangathunga
|
Class 8
|
zathunga
|
zangathunga, azathunga, azangathunga
|
Class 9
|
yathunga
|
yangathunga, ayathunga, ayangathunga
|
Class 10
|
zathunga
|
zangathunga, azathunga, azangathunga
|
Class 11
|
lwathunga
|
lwangathunga, alwathunga, alwangathunga
|
Class 14
|
bathunga
|
bangathunga, abathunga, abangathunga
|
Class 15
|
kwathunga
|
kwangathunga, akwathunga, akwangathunga
|
Class 17
|
kwathunga
|
kwangathunga, akwathunga, akwangathunga
|
References