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English
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Middle English toilen, toylen, apparently a conflation of Anglo-Norman toiller (“to agitate, stir up, entangle”) (compare Old Northern French tooillier, tooullier (“to agitate, stir”); of unknown origin), and Middle English tilyen, telien, teolien, tolen, tolien, tulien (“to till, work, labour”), from Old English tilian, telian, teolian, tiolian (“to exert oneself, toil, work, make, generate, strive after, try, endeavor, procure, obtain, gain, provide, tend, cherish, cultivate, till, plough, trade, traffic, aim at, aspire to, treat, cure”) (compare Middle Dutch tuylen, teulen (“to till, work, labour”)), from Proto-Germanic *tilōną (“to strive, reach for, aim for, hurry”). Cognate with Scots tulyie (“to quarrel, flite, contend”).
An alternate etymology derives Middle English toilen, toylen directly from Middle Dutch tuylen, teulen (“to work, labour, till”), from tuyl ("agriculture, labour, toil"; > Modern Dutch tuil (“toil; work”)). Cognate with Old Frisian teula (“to labour, toil”), teule (“labour, work”), Dutch tuil (“toil, labour”). Compare also Dutch telen (“to grow; raise; cultivate, till”). More at till.
Pronunciation
Noun
toil (countable and uncountable, plural toils)
- Labour, work, especially of a grueling nature.
- Synonyms: derve, drudgery, swink, sweat; see also Thesaurus:drudgery
1908, Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows:[…] he set to work again and made the snow fly in all directions around him. After some further toil his efforts were rewarded, and a very shabby door-mat lay exposed to view.
- Trouble, strife.
- (usually in the plural) A net or snare; any thread, web, or string spread for taking prey.
1697, Virgil, translated by John Dryden, Georgics:Then toils for beasts, and lime for birds, were found.
1823, Mary Shelley, Frankenstein:I was like a wild beast that had broken the toils, destroying the objects that obstructed me and ranging through the wood with a stag-like swiftness.
1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:She had waited overlong, and now it was like that Ailie would escape her toils.
Derived terms
Translations
labor, work
- Arabic: كَدْح m (kadḥ)
- Egyptian Arabic: شقى m (šaʔa)
- Asturian: traxín m
- Azerbaijani: əmək (az), əziyyət (az), zəhmət
- Bulgarian: тежка работа (težka rabota), трепане (trepane)
- Catalan: treball (ca)
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 辛勞/辛劳 (zh) (xīnláo)
- Czech: dřina (cs) f, lopota (cs) f
- Dutch: gezwoeg (nl) n
- Finnish: ahkerointi (fi), uurastus (fi)
- German: Mühe (de) f
- Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 f (arbaiþs)
- Greek: κόπος (el) m (kópos), μόχθος (el) m (móchthos)
- Ancient: κόπος m (kópos), πόνος m (pónos)
- Hebrew: עָמָל (he) m ('amál)
- Irish: sclábhaíocht f
- Istriot: fadeîga f
- Italian: lavoro (it) m, fatica (it) f
- Latin: labor (la) m
- Maori: whakarīrā
- Polish: trud (pl) m
- Portuguese: labuta (pt) f
- Russian: труд (ru) m (trud), рабо́та (ru) f (rabóta)
- Serbo-Croatian: rabota (sh) f
- Swedish: slit (sv) n, stret n
- Venetian: fadiga f
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Translations to be checked
Verb
toil (third-person singular simple present toils, present participle toiling, simple past and past participle toiled)
- (intransitive) To labour; work.
- (intransitive) To struggle.
- (transitive) To work (something); often with out.
1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “(please specify |book=I to XXXVII)”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. , (please specify |tome=1 or 2), London: Adam Islip, published 1635, →OCLC:places well toiled and husbanded
- (transitive) To weary through excessive labour.
1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: Isaac Iaggard, and Ed Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, :toiled with works of war
Derived terms
Translations
to labour, to work
- Afrikaans: bakstaan
- Arabic: تَعِبَ (taʕiba), كَدَحَ (kadaḥa), كَدَ (kada)
- Egyptian Arabic: شقي (šeʔi)
- Bulgarian: трудя се (trudja se), трепя се (trepja se)
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 辛勞/辛劳 (zh) (xīnláo)
- Czech: dřít (cs)
- Dutch: werken (nl), zwoegen (nl), labeuren (nl),
- Finnish: raataa (fi), rehkiä (fi)
- French: travailler (fr)
- German: schuften (de), sich plagen, sich quälen, roboten (de) (archaic)
- Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (arbaidjan)
- Greek:
- Ancient: πονέω (ponéō), μοχθέω (mokhthéō), κοπιάω (kopiáō), μογέω (mogéō)
- Ido: laboregar (io)
- Italian: faticare (it), lavorare (it)
- Maori: whakarīrā
- Russian: труди́ться (ru) impf (trudítʹsja), вка́лывать (ru) impf (vkályvatʹ) (colloquial)
- Spanish: labrar (es), trabajar (es)
- Swedish: slita (sv), streta (sv), knoga (sv)
- Telugu: కష్టపడు (te) (kaṣṭapaḍu), కష్టించు (kaṣṭiñcu)
- Turkish: didinmek (tr)
- Ukrainian: труди́тися impf (trudýtysja)
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Further reading
Anagrams
Basque
Noun
toil
- conger eel
Irish
Etymology
From Old Irish tol (“will, desire”).
Pronunciation
Noun
toil f (genitive singular tola)
- will
Declension
Derived terms
Mutation
Irish mutation
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Radical
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Lenition
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Eclipsis
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toil
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thoil
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dtoil
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Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
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References
- ^ G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “tol”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- ^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 90
- ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 13
Further reading
Old Irish
Pronunciation
Noun
toil
- inflection of tol:
- accusative/dative singular
- nominative/vocative/accusative dual
Mutation
Old Irish mutation
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Radical |
Lenition |
Nasalization
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toil
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thoil
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toil pronounced with /d(ʲ)-/
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Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
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Scottish Gaelic
Etymology
From Old Irish tol (“will, desire”).
Pronunciation
Noun
toil f (genitive singular toile, plural toilean)
- will, desire, volition, inclination
- delight, pleasure
Derived terms
Derived terms
References
- Edward Dwelly (1911) “toil”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary], 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “tol”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language