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In the first two senses, "on the other side of", this prefix is usually attached directly to the word it modifies, or sometimes separated from it by a hyphen: transrhenane, trans-Neptunian.
In the sex- or gender-related sense, this prefix is attached directly to certain words, most notably transgender and transsexual. In other cases, the related standalone adjective trans is used as an abbreviation for transgender: hence one speaks of issues facing the trans community and trans rights (not *transrights), etc. the same way one would speak of issues facing the transgender community and transgender rights. In particular, it can sometimes be considered offensive to write transman or trans-man, the preferred spelling being trans man (transman), the same way you would say transgender men and not transgendermen. Compare cis- and cis.