twardy

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See also: Twardy

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírˀtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-. Cognate with Upper Sorbian twjerdy.

Pronunciation

Adjective

twardy (comparative twarźejšy, superlative nejtwarźejšy, adverb twardo or twarźe)

  1. hard (resistant to pressure)

Declension

Declension of twardy
Masculine singular Feminine singular Neuter singular Dual Plural
Nominative twardy twarda twarde twardej twarde
Genitive twardego twardeje twardego twardeju twardych
Dative twardemu twardej twardemu twardyma twardym
Accusative twardy
twardego (animate) 		twardu twarde twardej
twardeju (animate) 		twarde
twardych (optional animate form)
Instrumental twardym twardeju twardym twardyma twardymi
Locative twardem twardej twardem twardyma twardych

Antonyms

Derived terms

Further reading

  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “twardy”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999) “twardy”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish twardy, from Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-. Doublet of kwarc and kwarzec.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈtfar.dɘ/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -ardɘ
  • Syllabification: twar‧dy
  • Homophone: Twardy

Adjective

twardy (comparative twardszy, superlative najtwardszy, derived adverb twardo)

  1. hard
    Antonym: miękki
    Diamenty są bardzo twarde. ― Diamonds are very hard.
    Moje łóżko jest bardzo twarde. ― My bed is very hard.
    Boli mnie ząb, więc nie mogę jeść twardego jedzenia. ― I have a toothache so I can't eat tough food.
    Ten stek jest twardy. ― This steak is tough.
  2. (of water) hard (high in dissolved calcium compounds)
  3. tough
    Nie bądź dla niej taki twardy. ― Don't be so tough with her.
    Nie uważasz, że jesteś dla niego zbyt twardy? ― Don't you think you are too hard on him?
  4. firm
    Wolę spać na twardym materacu. ― I prefer sleeping on a firm mattress.
  5. stiff, rigid
    Muszę kupić twardy pędzel. ― I have to buy a stiff brush.

Declension

Declension of twardy (hard)
singular plural
masculine animate masculine inanimate feminine neuter virile (= masculine personal) non-virile
nominative twardy twarda twarde twardzi twarde
genitive twardego twardej twardego twardych
dative twardemu twardej twardemu twardym
accusative twardego twardy twardą twarde twardych twarde
instrumental twardym twardą twardym twardymi
locative twardym twardej twardym twardych

Derived terms

noun
adjective
nouns
verbs

Further reading

  • twardy in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • twardy in Polish dictionaries at PWN
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