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Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European*óynos(“one”) in the sense of twelfths making up the base unit of various ancient systems of measurement. Doublet of ūnus (“one”) and sometimes said to derive directly from it, possibly in the sense of the individual units together composing the whole. Possibly related to uncus(“hook, curved”) and unguis(“claw”) from the practice of counting to 12 using the thumb and knuckles of the right hand.
It is uncertain whether long or short U occurred in ū̆ncia and in its compounds ending in -ū̆nx, -ū̆ncis. The etymologically related word ūnus has long ū, and Bennett (1907) marks long ū in ūncia, quīncūnx, quīncūnxis. However, originally long vowels could be shortened in Latin before consonant clusters starting in resonant consonants such as (this shortening can be referred to as "Osthoff's Law", which is the name of a similar sound change that occurred in Greek). A Latin form ŭncia with a short vowel is represented by French once, Italian oncia, Spanish onza among others.
^ Charles E. Bennett (1907) “Hidden Quantity”, in The Latin Language – a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, page 49
^ Sayeed, Ollie (01 Jan 2017) "Osthoff’s Law in Latin", in Indo-European Linguistics, Volume 5, Issue 1, page 156
“uncia”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“uncia”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
uncia in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
“uncia”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
“uncia”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “ունկի”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, page 603a