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De Vaan 2008 notes conflicting evidence of length in Romance descendants and argues this is most consistent with an originally long vowel, which may go back to a Proto-Indo-European *ūd (also continued in Germanic and Slavic). In contrast, Buck 1913 argues for a short vowel. Per Buck, the only Romance evidence for ū is French forms, but Old French included variants such as enjosque, josque that seem to point towards ŭ; Buck suggests that the form jusque that ultimately prevailed in French might have had an analogical origin. Malkiel 1983 likewise supports the interpretation that u in Old French enjusque had an analogical origin, with the vowel taken from sus < sūrsum.
In Classical Latin, usque is mostly used as an adverb, modifying either a prepositional phrase or a noun phrase of a type that can stand on its own (e.g. the names of towns, which are regularly used without a preposition in the accusative or ablative). Poets and late prose writers sometimes use usque + accusative noun in contexts where older authors would have used usque ad + accusative, in which case it can be interpreted as a preposition.
↑ 1.01.1De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ū̆sque”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 646
^ Buck, Carl D. (1913) “Hidden Quantities again”, in The Classical Review, volume 27, number 4, pages 125-126
^ Malkiel, Yakov (1983) From Particular to General Linguistics: Selected Essays 1965-1978, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 302
^ Harm Pinkster (2015) The Oxford Latin Syntax, volume 1. The Simple Clause, page 837
^ Harm Pinkster (2015) The Oxford Latin Syntax, volume 1. The Simple Clause, page 1229
^ Clifford, Arthur ((Can we date this quote?)) An Introduction to the Latin Language, Oxford
^ Karl Gottlob Zumpt (1853) Leonhard Schmitz, Charles Anthon, transl., A Grammar of the Latin Language, 3rd edition, pages 243-244
Further reading
“usque”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“usque”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
usque in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
the territory of this race extends as far as the Rhine: haec gens pertinet usque ad Rhenum
from beginning to end: ab ovo usque ad mala (proverb.)
usque in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700, pre-publication website, 2005-2016