viha

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Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *viha.

Noun

viha (genitive viha, partitive viha)

  1. anger, rage
  2. hatred

Inflection

Declension of viha (ÕS type 17/elu, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative viha vihad
accusative nom.
gen. viha
genitive vihade
partitive viha vihasid
illative vihha
vihasse 		vihadesse
inessive vihas vihades
elative vihast vihadest
allative vihale vihadele
adessive vihal vihadel
ablative vihalt vihadelt
translative vihaks vihadeks
terminative vihani vihadeni
essive vihana vihadena
abessive vihata vihadeta
comitative vihaga vihadega

Derived terms

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *viha, from earlier *wiša, from an Indo-Iranian language (cf. Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwiša). Cognates within Uralic include Estonian viha, Northern Sami vašši, Udmurt вож (vož, “hate”) and Komi-Zyrian веж (vež, “envy”).

Pronunciation

Noun

viha

  1. anger, fury, rage, wrath, ire
  2. hate, hatred, hostility, ire
  3. (obsolete) war (period of military hostilities or occupation; present in a small number of non-obsolete historical terms, e.g. isoviha, vanha viha, pikkuviha)

Declension

Inflection of viha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative viha vihat
genitive vihan vihojen
partitive vihaa vihoja
illative vihaan vihoihin
singular plural
nominative viha vihat
accusative nom. viha vihat
gen. vihan
genitive vihan vihojen
vihain rare
partitive vihaa vihoja
inessive vihassa vihoissa
elative vihasta vihoista
illative vihaan vihoihin
adessive vihalla vihoilla
ablative vihalta vihoilta
allative vihalle vihoille
essive vihana vihoina
translative vihaksi vihoiksi
abessive vihatta vihoitta
instructive — vihoin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of viha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative vihani vihani
accusative nom. vihani vihani
gen. vihani
genitive vihani vihojeni
vihaini rare
partitive vihaani vihojani
inessive vihassani vihoissani
elative vihastani vihoistani
illative vihaani vihoihini
adessive vihallani vihoillani
ablative vihaltani vihoiltani
allative vihalleni vihoilleni
essive vihanani vihoinani
translative vihakseni vihoikseni
abessive vihattani vihoittani
instructive — —
comitative — vihoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative vihasi vihasi
accusative nom. vihasi vihasi
gen. vihasi
genitive vihasi vihojesi
vihaisi rare
partitive vihaasi vihojasi
inessive vihassasi vihoissasi
elative vihastasi vihoistasi
illative vihaasi vihoihisi
adessive vihallasi vihoillasi
ablative vihaltasi vihoiltasi
allative vihallesi vihoillesi
essive vihanasi vihoinasi
translative vihaksesi vihoiksesi
abessive vihattasi vihoittasi
instructive — —
comitative — vihoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative vihamme vihamme
accusative nom. vihamme vihamme
gen. vihamme
genitive vihamme vihojemme
vihaimme rare
partitive vihaamme vihojamme
inessive vihassamme vihoissamme
elative vihastamme vihoistamme
illative vihaamme vihoihimme
adessive vihallamme vihoillamme
ablative vihaltamme vihoiltamme
allative vihallemme vihoillemme
essive vihanamme vihoinamme
translative vihaksemme vihoiksemme
abessive vihattamme vihoittamme
instructive — —
comitative — vihoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative vihanne vihanne
accusative nom. vihanne vihanne
gen. vihanne
genitive vihanne vihojenne
vihainne rare
partitive vihaanne vihojanne
inessive vihassanne vihoissanne
elative vihastanne vihoistanne
illative vihaanne vihoihinne
adessive vihallanne vihoillanne
ablative vihaltanne vihoiltanne
allative vihallenne vihoillenne
essive vihananne vihoinanne
translative vihaksenne vihoiksenne
abessive vihattanne vihoittanne
instructive — —
comitative — vihoinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative vihansa vihansa
accusative nom. vihansa vihansa
gen. vihansa
genitive vihansa vihojensa
vihainsa rare
partitive vihaansa vihojaan
vihojansa
inessive vihassaan
vihassansa 		vihoissaan
vihoissansa
elative vihastaan
vihastansa 		vihoistaan
vihoistansa
illative vihaansa vihoihinsa
adessive vihallaan
vihallansa 		vihoillaan
vihoillansa
ablative vihaltaan
vihaltansa 		vihoiltaan
vihoiltansa
allative vihalleen
vihallensa 		vihoilleen
vihoillensa
essive vihanaan
vihanansa 		vihoinaan
vihoinansa
translative vihakseen
vihaksensa 		vihoikseen
vihoiksensa
abessive vihattaan
vihattansa 		vihoittaan
vihoittansa
instructive — —
comitative — vihoineen
vihoinensa

Derived terms

adjectives
nouns
verbs
compounds

References

  • Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004) Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN

Further reading

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *viha. Cognates include Finnish viha and Estonian viha.

Pronunciation

Noun

viha

  1. anger, rage

Declension

Declension of viha (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination)
singular plural
nominative viha vihat
genitive vihan vihhoin
partitive vihhaa vihoja
illative vihhaa vihhoi
inessive vihas vihois
elative vihast vihoist
allative vihalle vihoille
adessive vihal vihoil
ablative vihalt vihoilt
translative vihaks vihoiks
essive vihanna, vihhaan vihoinna, vihhoin
exessive1) vihant vihoint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

References

  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 664

Karelian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *viha.

Noun

viha

  1. rage

Ludian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *viha.

Noun

viha

  1. rage

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *viha.

Noun

viha

  1. hatred

Inflection

Inflection of viha (inflection type 5/sana)
nominative sing. viha
genitive sing. vihan
partitive sing. vihad
partitive plur. vihoid
singular plural
nominative viha vihad
accusative vihan vihad
genitive vihan vihoiden
partitive vihad vihoid
essive-instructive vihan vihoin
translative vihaks vihoikš
inessive vihas vihoiš
elative vihaspäi vihoišpäi
illative vihaze vihoiže
adessive vihal vihoil
ablative vihalpäi vihoilpäi
allative vihale vihoile
abessive vihata vihoita
comitative vihanke vihoidenke
prolative vihadme vihoidme
approximative I vihanno vihoidenno
approximative II vihannoks vihoidennoks
egressive vihannopäi vihoidennopäi
terminative I vihazesai vihoižesai
terminative II vihalesai vihoilesai
terminative III vihassai —
additive I vihazepäi vihoižepäi
additive II vihalepäi vihoilepäi

References

  • Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “ненависть”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎, Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Võro

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *viha.

Noun

viha (genitive viha, partitive vihha)

  1. anger, rage
  2. hatred

Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Votic

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *viha (“anger, hatred”).

Noun

viha

  1. anger, rage
  2. hatred
Inflection
Declension of viha (type III/jalkõ, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative viha vihad
genitive viha vihojõ, vihoi
partitive vihha vihoitõ, vihoi
illative vihhasõ, vihha vihoisõ
inessive vihaz vihoiz
elative vihassõ vihoissõ
allative vihalõ vihoilõ
adessive vihallõ vihoillõ
ablative vihaltõ vihoiltõ
translative vihassi vihoissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive.
***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *viha (“poison”).

Adjective

viha

  1. bitter, acrid
Inflection
Declension of viha (type III/jalkõ, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative viha vihad
genitive viha vihojõ, vihoi
partitive vihha vihoitõ, vihoi
illative vihhasõ, vihha vihoisõ
inessive vihaz vihoiz
elative vihassõ vihoissõ
allative vihalõ vihoilõ
adessive vihallõ vihoillõ
ablative vihaltõ vihoiltõ
translative vihassi vihoissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive.
***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

References

  • Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn
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