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Zulu
Etymology
From -vula + -wa.
Verb
-vulwa?
- (intransitive) to be opened
Inflection
Tone L
|
Infinitive
|
ukuvulwa
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukuvulwa
|
ukungavulwa
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
vulwa
|
-vulwe
|
Plural
|
vulwani
|
-vulweni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyavulwa, ngivulwa
|
engivulwayo, engivulwa
|
ngivulwa
|
angivulwa
|
engingavulwa
|
ngingavulwa
|
2nd singular
|
uyavulwa, uvulwa
|
ovulwayo, ovulwa
|
uvulwa
|
awuvulwa
|
ongavulwa
|
ungavulwa
|
1st plural
|
siyavulwa, sivulwa
|
esivulwayo, esivulwa
|
sivulwa
|
asivulwa
|
esingavulwa
|
singavulwa
|
2nd plural
|
niyavulwa, nivulwa
|
enivulwayo, enivulwa
|
nivulwa
|
anivulwa
|
eningavulwa
|
ningavulwa
|
Class 1
|
uyavulwa, uvulwa
|
ovulwayo, ovulwa
|
evulwa
|
akavulwa
|
ongavulwa
|
engavulwa
|
Class 2
|
bayavulwa, bavulwa
|
abavulwayo, abavulwa
|
bevulwa
|
abavulwa
|
abangavulwa
|
bengavulwa
|
Class 3
|
uyavulwa, uvulwa
|
ovulwayo, ovulwa
|
uvulwa
|
awuvulwa
|
ongavulwa
|
ungavulwa
|
Class 4
|
iyavulwa, ivulwa
|
evulwayo, evulwa
|
ivulwa
|
ayivulwa
|
engavulwa
|
ingavulwa
|
Class 5
|
liyavulwa, livulwa
|
elivulwayo, elivulwa
|
livulwa
|
alivulwa
|
elingavulwa
|
lingavulwa
|
Class 6
|
ayavulwa, avulwa
|
avulwayo, avulwa
|
evulwa
|
awavulwa
|
angavulwa
|
engavulwa
|
Class 7
|
siyavulwa, sivulwa
|
esivulwayo, esivulwa
|
sivulwa
|
asivulwa
|
esingavulwa
|
singavulwa
|
Class 8
|
ziyavulwa, zivulwa
|
ezivulwayo, ezivulwa
|
zivulwa
|
azivulwa
|
ezingavulwa
|
zingavulwa
|
Class 9
|
iyavulwa, ivulwa
|
evulwayo, evulwa
|
ivulwa
|
ayivulwa
|
engavulwa
|
ingavulwa
|
Class 10
|
ziyavulwa, zivulwa
|
ezivulwayo, ezivulwa
|
zivulwa
|
azivulwa
|
ezingavulwa
|
zingavulwa
|
Class 11
|
luyavulwa, luvulwa
|
oluvulwayo, oluvulwa
|
luvulwa
|
aluvulwa
|
olungavulwa
|
lungavulwa
|
Class 14
|
buyavulwa, buvulwa
|
obuvulwayo, obuvulwa
|
buvulwa
|
abuvulwa
|
obungavulwa
|
bungavulwa
|
Class 15
|
kuyavulwa, kuvulwa
|
okuvulwayo, okuvulwa
|
kuvulwa
|
akuvulwa
|
okungavulwa
|
kungavulwa
|
Class 17
|
kuyavulwa, kuvulwa
|
okuvulwayo, okuvulwa
|
kuvulwa
|
akuvulwa
|
okungavulwa
|
kungavulwa
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngivuliwe, ngivulwē
|
engivuliwe, engivulwē
|
ngivuliwe, ngivulwē
|
angivulwanga
|
engingavulwanga
|
ngingavulwanga
|
2nd singular
|
uvuliwe, uvulwē
|
ovuliwe, ovulwē
|
uvuliwe, uvulwē
|
awuvulwanga
|
ongavulwanga
|
ungavulwanga
|
1st plural
|
sivuliwe, sivulwē
|
esivuliwe, esivulwē
|
sivuliwe, sivulwē
|
asivulwanga
|
esingavulwanga
|
singavulwanga
|
2nd plural
|
nivuliwe, nivulwē
|
enivuliwe, enivulwē
|
nivuliwe, nivulwē
|
anivulwanga
|
eningavulwanga
|
ningavulwanga
|
Class 1
|
uvuliwe, uvulwē
|
ovuliwe, ovulwē
|
evuliwe, evulwē
|
akavulwanga
|
ongavulwanga
|
engavulwanga
|
Class 2
|
bavuliwe, bavulwē
|
abavuliwe, abavulwē
|
bevuliwe, bevulwē
|
abavulwanga
|
abangavulwanga
|
bengavulwanga
|
Class 3
|
uvuliwe, uvulwē
|
ovuliwe, ovulwē
|
uvuliwe, uvulwē
|
awuvulwanga
|
ongavulwanga
|
ungavulwanga
|
Class 4
|
ivuliwe, ivulwē
|
evuliwe, evulwē
|
ivuliwe, ivulwē
|
ayivulwanga
|
engavulwanga
|
ingavulwanga
|
Class 5
|
livuliwe, livulwē
|
elivuliwe, elivulwē
|
livuliwe, livulwē
|
alivulwanga
|
elingavulwanga
|
lingavulwanga
|
Class 6
|
avuliwe, avulwē
|
avuliwe, avulwē
|
evuliwe, evulwē
|
awavulwanga
|
angavulwanga
|
engavulwanga
|
Class 7
|
sivuliwe, sivulwē
|
esivuliwe, esivulwē
|
sivuliwe, sivulwē
|
asivulwanga
|
esingavulwanga
|
singavulwanga
|
Class 8
|
zivuliwe, zivulwē
|
ezivuliwe, ezivulwē
|
zivuliwe, zivulwē
|
azivulwanga
|
ezingavulwanga
|
zingavulwanga
|
Class 9
|
ivuliwe, ivulwē
|
evuliwe, evulwē
|
ivuliwe, ivulwē
|
ayivulwanga
|
engavulwanga
|
ingavulwanga
|
Class 10
|
zivuliwe, zivulwē
|
ezivuliwe, ezivulwē
|
zivuliwe, zivulwē
|
azivulwanga
|
ezingavulwanga
|
zingavulwanga
|
Class 11
|
luvuliwe, luvulwē
|
oluvuliwe, oluvulwē
|
luvuliwe, luvulwē
|
aluvulwanga
|
olungavulwanga
|
lungavulwanga
|
Class 14
|
buvuliwe, buvulwē
|
obuvuliwe, obuvulwē
|
buvuliwe, buvulwē
|
abuvulwanga
|
obungavulwanga
|
bungavulwanga
|
Class 15
|
kuvuliwe, kuvulwē
|
okuvuliwe, okuvulwē
|
kuvuliwe, kuvulwē
|
akuvulwanga
|
okungavulwanga
|
kungavulwanga
|
Class 17
|
kuvuliwe, kuvulwē
|
okuvuliwe, okuvulwē
|
kuvuliwe, kuvulwē
|
akuvulwanga
|
okungavulwanga
|
kungavulwanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāvulwa
|
engāvulwa
|
ngāvulwa
|
angivulwanga
|
engingavulwanga
|
ngingavulwanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāvulwa
|
owāvulwa
|
wāvulwa
|
awuvulwanga
|
ongavulwanga
|
ungavulwanga
|
1st plural
|
sāvulwa
|
esāvulwa
|
sāvulwa
|
asivulwanga
|
esingavulwanga
|
singavulwanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāvulwa
|
enāvulwa
|
nāvulwa
|
anivulwanga
|
eningavulwanga
|
ningavulwanga
|
Class 1
|
wāvulwa
|
owāvulwa
|
āvulwa
|
akavulwanga
|
ongavulwanga
|
engavulwanga
|
Class 2
|
bāvulwa
|
abāvulwa
|
bāvulwa
|
abavulwanga
|
abangavulwanga
|
bengavulwanga
|
Class 3
|
wāvulwa
|
owāvulwa
|
wāvulwa
|
awuvulwanga
|
ongavulwanga
|
ungavulwanga
|
Class 4
|
yāvulwa
|
eyāvulwa
|
yāvulwa
|
ayivulwanga
|
engavulwanga
|
ingavulwanga
|
Class 5
|
lāvulwa
|
elāvulwa
|
lāvulwa
|
alivulwanga
|
elingavulwanga
|
lingavulwanga
|
Class 6
|
āvulwa
|
āvulwa
|
āvulwa
|
awavulwanga
|
angavulwanga
|
engavulwanga
|
Class 7
|
sāvulwa
|
esāvulwa
|
sāvulwa
|
asivulwanga
|
esingavulwanga
|
singavulwanga
|
Class 8
|
zāvulwa
|
ezāvulwa
|
zāvulwa
|
azivulwanga
|
ezingavulwanga
|
zingavulwanga
|
Class 9
|
yāvulwa
|
eyāvulwa
|
yāvulwa
|
ayivulwanga
|
engavulwanga
|
ingavulwanga
|
Class 10
|
zāvulwa
|
ezāvulwa
|
zāvulwa
|
azivulwanga
|
ezingavulwanga
|
zingavulwanga
|
Class 11
|
lwāvulwa
|
olwāvulwa
|
lwāvulwa
|
aluvulwanga
|
olungavulwanga
|
lungavulwanga
|
Class 14
|
bāvulwa
|
obāvulwa
|
bāvulwa
|
abuvulwanga
|
obungavulwanga
|
bungavulwanga
|
Class 15
|
kwāvulwa
|
okwāvulwa
|
kwāvulwa
|
akuvulwanga
|
okungavulwanga
|
kungavulwanga
|
Class 17
|
kwāvulwa
|
okwāvulwa
|
kwāvulwa
|
akuvulwanga
|
okungavulwanga
|
kungavulwanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingavulwa
|
—
|
ngingavulwa
|
ngingevulwe
|
—
|
ngingevulwe
|
2nd singular
|
ungavulwa
|
—
|
ungavulwa
|
ungevulwe
|
—
|
ungevulwe
|
1st plural
|
singavulwa
|
—
|
singavulwa
|
singevulwe
|
—
|
singevulwe
|
2nd plural
|
ningavulwa
|
—
|
ningavulwa
|
ningevulwe
|
—
|
ningevulwe
|
Class 1
|
angavulwa
|
—
|
engavulwa
|
angevulwe
|
—
|
engevulwe
|
Class 2
|
bangavulwa
|
—
|
bengavulwa
|
bangevulwe
|
—
|
bengevulwe
|
Class 3
|
ungavulwa
|
—
|
ungavulwa
|
ungevulwe
|
—
|
ungevulwe
|
Class 4
|
ingavulwa
|
—
|
ingavulwa
|
ingevulwe
|
—
|
ingevulwe
|
Class 5
|
lingavulwa
|
—
|
lingavulwa
|
lingevulwe
|
—
|
lingevulwe
|
Class 6
|
angavulwa
|
—
|
engavulwa
|
angevulwe
|
—
|
engevulwe
|
Class 7
|
singavulwa
|
—
|
singavulwa
|
singevulwe
|
—
|
singevulwe
|
Class 8
|
zingavulwa
|
—
|
zingavulwa
|
zingevulwe
|
—
|
zingevulwe
|
Class 9
|
ingavulwa
|
—
|
ingavulwa
|
ingevulwe
|
—
|
ingevulwe
|
Class 10
|
zingavulwa
|
—
|
zingavulwa
|
zingevulwe
|
—
|
zingevulwe
|
Class 11
|
lungavulwa
|
—
|
lungavulwa
|
lungevulwe
|
—
|
lungevulwe
|
Class 14
|
bungavulwa
|
—
|
bungavulwa
|
bungevulwe
|
—
|
bungevulwe
|
Class 15
|
kungavulwa
|
—
|
kungavulwa
|
kungevulwe
|
—
|
kungevulwe
|
Class 17
|
kungavulwa
|
—
|
kungavulwa
|
kungevulwe
|
—
|
kungevulwe
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizovulwa
|
engizovulwa
|
ngizovulwa
|
angizuvulwa
|
engingezuvulwa
|
ngingezuvulwa
|
2nd singular
|
uzovulwa
|
ozovulwa
|
uzovulwa
|
awuzuvulwa
|
ongezuvulwa
|
ungezuvulwa
|
1st plural
|
sizovulwa
|
esizovulwa
|
sizovulwa
|
asizuvulwa
|
esingezuvulwa
|
singezuvulwa
|
2nd plural
|
nizovulwa
|
enizovulwa
|
nizovulwa
|
anizuvulwa
|
eningezuvulwa
|
ningezuvulwa
|
Class 1
|
uzovulwa
|
ozovulwa
|
ezovulwa
|
akazuvulwa
|
ongezuvulwa
|
engezuvulwa
|
Class 2
|
bazovulwa
|
abazovulwa
|
bezovulwa
|
abazuvulwa
|
abangezuvulwa
|
bengezuvulwa
|
Class 3
|
uzovulwa
|
ozovulwa
|
uzovulwa
|
awuzuvulwa
|
ongezuvulwa
|
ungezuvulwa
|
Class 4
|
izovulwa
|
ezovulwa
|
izovulwa
|
ayizuvulwa
|
engezuvulwa
|
ingezuvulwa
|
Class 5
|
lizovulwa
|
elizovulwa
|
lizovulwa
|
alizuvulwa
|
elingezuvulwa
|
lingezuvulwa
|
Class 6
|
azovulwa
|
azovulwa
|
ezovulwa
|
awazuvulwa
|
angezuvulwa
|
engezuvulwa
|
Class 7
|
sizovulwa
|
esizovulwa
|
sizovulwa
|
asizuvulwa
|
esingezuvulwa
|
singezuvulwa
|
Class 8
|
zizovulwa
|
ezizovulwa
|
zizovulwa
|
azizuvulwa
|
ezingezuvulwa
|
zingezuvulwa
|
Class 9
|
izovulwa
|
ezovulwa
|
izovulwa
|
ayizuvulwa
|
engezuvulwa
|
ingezuvulwa
|
Class 10
|
zizovulwa
|
ezizovulwa
|
zizovulwa
|
azizuvulwa
|
ezingezuvulwa
|
zingezuvulwa
|
Class 11
|
luzovulwa
|
oluzovulwa
|
luzovulwa
|
aluzuvulwa
|
olungezuvulwa
|
lungezuvulwa
|
Class 14
|
buzovulwa
|
obuzovulwa
|
buzovulwa
|
abuzuvulwa
|
obungezuvulwa
|
bungezuvulwa
|
Class 15
|
kuzovulwa
|
okuzovulwa
|
kuzovulwa
|
akuzuvulwa
|
okungezuvulwa
|
kungezuvulwa
|
Class 17
|
kuzovulwa
|
okuzovulwa
|
kuzovulwa
|
akuzuvulwa
|
okungezuvulwa
|
kungezuvulwa
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyovulwa
|
engiyovulwa
|
ngiyovulwa
|
angiyuvulwa
|
engingeyuvulwa
|
ngingeyuvulwa
|
2nd singular
|
uyovulwa
|
oyovulwa
|
uyovulwa
|
awuyuvulwa
|
ongeyuvulwa
|
ungeyuvulwa
|
1st plural
|
siyovulwa
|
esiyovulwa
|
siyovulwa
|
asiyuvulwa
|
esingeyuvulwa
|
singeyuvulwa
|
2nd plural
|
niyovulwa
|
eniyovulwa
|
niyovulwa
|
aniyuvulwa
|
eningeyuvulwa
|
ningeyuvulwa
|
Class 1
|
uyovulwa
|
oyovulwa
|
eyovulwa
|
akayuvulwa
|
ongeyuvulwa
|
engeyuvulwa
|
Class 2
|
bayovulwa
|
abayovulwa
|
beyovulwa
|
abayuvulwa
|
abangeyuvulwa
|
bengeyuvulwa
|
Class 3
|
uyovulwa
|
oyovulwa
|
uyovulwa
|
awuyuvulwa
|
ongeyuvulwa
|
ungeyuvulwa
|
Class 4
|
iyovulwa
|
eyovulwa
|
iyovulwa
|
ayiyuvulwa
|
engeyuvulwa
|
ingeyuvulwa
|
Class 5
|
liyovulwa
|
eliyovulwa
|
liyovulwa
|
aliyuvulwa
|
elingeyuvulwa
|
lingeyuvulwa
|
Class 6
|
ayovulwa
|
ayovulwa
|
eyovulwa
|
awayuvulwa
|
angeyuvulwa
|
engeyuvulwa
|
Class 7
|
siyovulwa
|
esiyovulwa
|
siyovulwa
|
asiyuvulwa
|
esingeyuvulwa
|
singeyuvulwa
|
Class 8
|
ziyovulwa
|
eziyovulwa
|
ziyovulwa
|
aziyuvulwa
|
ezingeyuvulwa
|
zingeyuvulwa
|
Class 9
|
iyovulwa
|
eyovulwa
|
iyovulwa
|
ayiyuvulwa
|
engeyuvulwa
|
ingeyuvulwa
|
Class 10
|
ziyovulwa
|
eziyovulwa
|
ziyovulwa
|
aziyuvulwa
|
ezingeyuvulwa
|
zingeyuvulwa
|
Class 11
|
luyovulwa
|
oluyovulwa
|
luyovulwa
|
aluyuvulwa
|
olungeyuvulwa
|
lungeyuvulwa
|
Class 14
|
buyovulwa
|
obuyovulwa
|
buyovulwa
|
abuyuvulwa
|
obungeyuvulwa
|
bungeyuvulwa
|
Class 15
|
kuyovulwa
|
okuyovulwa
|
kuyovulwa
|
akuyuvulwa
|
okungeyuvulwa
|
kungeyuvulwa
|
Class 17
|
kuyovulwa
|
okuyovulwa
|
kuyovulwa
|
akuyuvulwa
|
okungeyuvulwa
|
kungeyuvulwa
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngivulwe
|
ngingavulwa
|
2nd singular
|
uvulwe
|
ungavulwa
|
1st plural
|
sivulwe
|
singavulwa
|
2nd plural
|
nivulwe
|
ningavulwa
|
Class 1
|
avulwe
|
angavulwa
|
Class 2
|
bavulwe
|
bangavulwa
|
Class 3
|
uvulwe
|
ungavulwa
|
Class 4
|
ivulwe
|
ingavulwa
|
Class 5
|
livulwe
|
lingavulwa
|
Class 6
|
avulwe
|
angavulwa
|
Class 7
|
sivulwe
|
singavulwa
|
Class 8
|
zivulwe
|
zingavulwa
|
Class 9
|
ivulwe
|
ingavulwa
|
Class 10
|
zivulwe
|
zingavulwa
|
Class 11
|
luvulwe
|
lungavulwa
|
Class 14
|
buvulwe
|
bungavulwa
|
Class 15
|
kuvulwe
|
kungavulwa
|
Class 17
|
kuvulwe
|
kungavulwa
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngavulwa
|
ngangavulwa, angavulwa, angangavulwa
|
2nd singular
|
wavulwa
|
wangavulwa, awavulwa, awangavulwa
|
1st plural
|
savulwa
|
sangavulwa, asavulwa, asangavulwa
|
2nd plural
|
navulwa
|
nangavulwa, anavulwa, anangavulwa
|
Class 1
|
wavulwa
|
wangavulwa, akavulwa, akangavulwa
|
Class 2
|
bavulwa
|
bangavulwa, abavulwa, abangavulwa
|
Class 3
|
wavulwa
|
wangavulwa, awavulwa, awangavulwa
|
Class 4
|
yavulwa
|
yangavulwa, ayavulwa, ayangavulwa
|
Class 5
|
lavulwa
|
langavulwa, alavulwa, alangavulwa
|
Class 6
|
avulwa
|
angavulwa, awavulwa, awangavulwa
|
Class 7
|
savulwa
|
sangavulwa, asavulwa, asangavulwa
|
Class 8
|
zavulwa
|
zangavulwa, azavulwa, azangavulwa
|
Class 9
|
yavulwa
|
yangavulwa, ayavulwa, ayangavulwa
|
Class 10
|
zavulwa
|
zangavulwa, azavulwa, azangavulwa
|
Class 11
|
lwavulwa
|
lwangavulwa, alwavulwa, alwangavulwa
|
Class 14
|
bavulwa
|
bangavulwa, abavulwa, abangavulwa
|
Class 15
|
kwavulwa
|
kwangavulwa, akwavulwa, akwangavulwa
|
Class 17
|
kwavulwa
|
kwangavulwa, akwavulwa, akwangavulwa
|
References