wꜥ

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Egyptian

Egyptian numbers (edit)
10
 ←  0 𓏺
1
2  →  10  → 
    Cardinal: wꜥ
    Ordinal: tpj, ḥꜣtj
    Adverbial: zp wꜥ
    Distributive: wꜥ wꜥ

Etymology

Formed as if the perfective active participle of wꜥj (to be(come) alone), although possibly the verb may be derived from the numeral instead.

Pronunciation 1

 

Adjective

T21
D36 Z1
  1. alone
  2. unique
  3. as one, all together
Inflection
Declension of wꜥ (perfective active participle)
masculine feminine
singular wꜥ
wꜥt
dual

plural

1 Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun.
2 From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural.
In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.
Alternative forms
Derived terms

Numeral

wa
a Z1
  1. one
Usage notes

As the numeral wꜥ is in fact a specialized use of the adjective, see the adjective section above for alternative forms, inflection, etc.

Descendants

Pronunciation 2

Determiner

wa
a Z1
  1. (Late Egyptian) the singular indefinite article; a, an
Usage notes

As an indefinite article, wꜥ precedes its noun, initially in the construction wꜥ n(j) and later by itself. This is in contrast to its use as an adjective/numeral, where it follows the modified noun like all Egyptian adjectives.

Inflection
Old Egyptian demonstratives
determiners pronouns1 adverbs
singular dual plural unmarked
masculine feminine masculine feminine masculine feminine
proximal to speaker pn
tn
*jpnj
jptnj, jptntj
jpn
jptn
nn

distal pf
tf
*jpfj
*jptfj, *jptftj
jpf
jptf
nf

proximal to spoken of pj, pw, p
tj, tw
jpwj
jptwj, jptwtj
jpw
jptw, jptwt
nw

vocative pꜣ
tꜣ




nꜣ
ꜥꜣ

1 Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.

Middle Egyptian demonstratives
determiners and pronouns adverbs
singular plural1
masculine feminine
proximal pn
tn
nn
ꜥn
distal pf, pfꜣ
tf, tfꜣ
nf, nfꜣ
ꜥf
‘copula’ and vocative pw, pwy
tw, twy
nw

anaphoric pꜣ
tꜣ
nꜣ
ꜥꜣ

1 Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.

Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
masculine feminine plural adverb
pronoun pꜣw
dj
determiners and pronouns pꜣj
tꜣj
nꜣj
possessive determiners1 pꜣy
tꜣy
nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’) p-n, pꜣ
t-nt, tꜣ
nꜣyw, nꜣ
definite articles pꜣ
tꜣ
nꜣ2
indefinite articles wꜥ2
nhꜣy2

1 Used with suffix pronouns.
2 Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.

Descendants

References

  • James P Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 102–104.
  • Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages 53, 68
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
  1. ^ Callender, John (1975) Middle Egyptian, Undena Publications, page 56:wíꜥjaw
  2. ^ Edel, Elmar (1961) “Neues Material zur Herkunft der auslautenden Vokale -ⲉ und -ⲓ im Koptischen”, in Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, volume 86, number 1, →DOI:wĭꜥj˘w