w-
singular | duoplural | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | (yi)sh- | (y)ii- | deii- | ||
2nd person | ni- | (w)oh- | daah- | ||
3rd person | yi- | daa- | |||
4th person | ji- | daji- |
singular | duoplural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st person | wósh- | woo(d)- | |
2nd person | wóó- | wooh- | |
3rd person | wó- | ||
4th person | jó- | ||
areal/spatial | hó- |
w-
w- appears before stems that begin with ii.
stem begins with... | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
consonants | p t k h ch m n s sh w y | ni- | gi- | o- | |
d g ' j z zh | nin- | ||||
b | nim- | ||||
vowels | o | nindo- | gido- | odo- | |
a aa e i | nind- | gid- | od- | ||
oo | n- | g- | |||
ii | w- |
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vъ-.
w-
Inherited from Old Polish w-.
w-
w- (plural ny-)
w-
w-
This prefix is unrealized (disappears) when the stem it is attached to begins with a consonant. When it is used in the third person, the third-person marker y- itself is unrealized, but it palatalizes this suffix w- to y- and lengthens the vowel after it if possible, so that w- appears to disappear (as it becomes indistinguishable from the pre-vocalic form of the third-person marker y- that palatalized it).
This prefix comes between the person marker and the verb stem.
w-
The form w- is used with stems that start with a vowel; wi- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized. In practice, since all intransitive verbs to which this prefix can attach start with a vowel, wi- only appears on certain transitive verbs.
pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument |
postposition object | series I verb argument | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent | |||||||
first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1 | w-, wi- | |||||||
first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-1 | |||||||
second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | |||||||
first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-1 | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | |||||
third person | tüwü | n-, ni- | ||||||||
distant past third person | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | ||||||||
coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | |||||||
reciprocal | — | — | öö- | |||||||
|
series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient | |
---|---|
first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
first person dual exclusive > second person | |
second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
second person > first person dual exclusive | |
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |