κινάρα

Ancient Greek

The ι-υ variation has been referred to suggest a Pre-Greek origin,^[1] although it is only attested in the later Hellenistic period, and it could be borrowed from an Aramaic byform equivalent to the one which Persian (kangar, “cardoon”) is borrowed from, this meaning attested in Northeastern Neo-Aramaic ܩܰܩܢܳܐ (qaqna), ܩܰܠܩܳܐ (qalqa, “cardoon”), identical to Classical Syriac ܩܠܩܐ (qalqā, qelqā, “taro”), and therefore ܩܠܩܐܣ (qōlqās), ܩܠܘܩܣ (qōlqōs), ܩܠܘܩܘܣ (qōlōqōs, “taro”)^[2] and κολοκασία (kolokasía, “sacred lotus; taro”), implying a Western Aramaic emphatic state shaped /qɪˈŋarɑː/, since the ܪܒܨܐ (rəḇāṣā) diacritic for /ɛ/ in the best-attested Aramaic lect Syriac regularly corresponds to ḥiriq for /ɪ/ in other lects.

κῐνάρᾱ • (kinárā) f (genitive κῐνάρᾱς); first declension

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ἡ κῐνάρᾱ hē kinárā	τὼ κῐνάρᾱ tṑ kinárā	αἱ κῐνάραι hai kinárai
Genitive	τῆς κῐνάρᾱς tês kinárās	τοῖν κῐνάραιν toîn kinárain	τῶν κῐναρῶν tôn kinarôn
Dative	τῇ κῐνάρᾳ têi kinárāi	τοῖν κῐνάραιν toîn kinárain	ταῖς κῐνάραις taîs kinárais
Accusative	τὴν κῐνάρᾱν tḕn kinárān	τὼ κῐνάρᾱ tṑ kinárā	τᾱ̀ς κῐνάρᾱς tā̀s kinárās
Vocative	κῐνάρᾱ kinárā	κῐνάρᾱ kinárā	κῐνάραι kinárai
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Byzantine Greek: ἀγκινάρα (ankinára)
- Greek: αγκινάρα (agkinára), αγγινάρα f (anginára)
  - → Albanian: angjinare
  - → Ottoman Turkish: انكنار (enginar, inginar)
    - Turkish: enginar
    - → Armenian: էնկինար (ēnkinar)
    - → Azerbaijani: ənginar
    - → Ladino: endjinara
    - → Persian: انگنار (angenâr, engenâr)
  - → Romanian: anghinare
→ Classical Syriac: ܩܘܢܪܐ (*kunārā), ܩܝܢܪܣ (*kinārās), ܩܢܪܘܣ (*kinārūs, kunārūs)
→ Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: קִינְרָסָא (qinərāsā)
- → Hebrew: קִנְרָס (qinrás)
→ Latin: cinara, cynara
- → Translingual: Cynara
- ⇒ Latin: cinaria, cynaria
  - → Translingual: Cynaria
  - → Arabic: قِنَّارِيّة (qinnāriyya), قَنَّارِيّة (qannāriyya) (Al-Andalus, Morocco)
    - → Old Spanish: alcanería
    - → Catalan: alcanària

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κινάρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 699
^ Tezel, Aziz (2021) “On the Origin of Some Plant Names in Ṣūrayt/Ṭūrōyo in Ṭūr ʿAbdīn”, in Geoffrey Khan, Paul M. Noorlander, editors, Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic‎, Cambridge: University of Cambridge, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 335–341 for the Aramaic forms and meanings, though only the semantic and not etymological identity with the present word is realized.