σίδηρος
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Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
Etymology
Unclear and debated:[1]
- One view compares it with Latin sīdus (“constellation, meteorite”), with this possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“to sweat”), whence Latin sūdor (“sweat, moisture”), Ancient Greek ἱδρώς (hidrṓs, “sweat, perspiration”), English sweat.
- One theory connects the word to words for "silver", like Lithuanian sidãbras and, by proxy, English silver.
- Another theory compares it with Udi zido (“iron”), indicating a Northeast Caucasian loanword. This is quite feasible, as the Greeks likely first learned of iron from Asia Minor.
- Finally, the word is very likely of Pre-Greek origin given its semantics, which has been compared with Ancient Greek σίδη (sídē, “pomegranate”), linked to the reconstruction *sida (“red”) thereby giving the meaning of σίδηρος (sídēros) as "red metal" (perhaps in relation to its red oxide ores and minerals).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /sí.dɛː.ros/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈsi.de̝.ros/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈsi.ði.ros/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈsi.ði.ros/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈsi.ði.ros/
Noun
σῐ́δηρος • (sídēros) m (genitive σῐδήρου); second declension
- iron
- c. 90 AD, John of Patmos, Book of Revelation 18:12:
- γόμον χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου καὶ λίθου τιμίου καὶ μαργαρίτου καὶ βυσσίνου καὶ σηρικοῦ καὶ κοκκίνου, καὶ πᾶν ξύλον θύϊνον καὶ πᾶν σκεῦος ἐλεφάντινον καὶ πᾶν σκεῦος ἐκ ξύλου τιμιωτάτου καὶ χαλκοῦ καὶ σιδήρου καὶ μαρμάρου, […]
- gómon khrusoû kaì argúrou kaì líthou timíou kaì margarítou kaì bussínou kaì sērikoû kaì kokkínou, kaì pân xúlon thúïnon kaì pân skeûos elephántinon kaì pân skeûos ek xúlou timiōtátou kaì khalkoû kaì sidḗrou kaì marmárou, […]
- The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble,
- c. 90 AD, John of Patmos, Book of Revelation 18:12:
- iron tool, iron implement
- sword
- sickle
- blacksmith's shop, smithy
- (figuratively) something hard, a stubborn force
Declension
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ σῐ́δηρος ho sídēros |
τὼ σῐδήρω tṑ sidḗrō |
οἱ σῐ́δηροι hoi sídēroi | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ σῐδήρου toû sidḗrou |
τοῖν σῐδήροιν toîn sidḗroin |
τῶν σῐδήρων tôn sidḗrōn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ σῐδήρῳ tôi sidḗrōi |
τοῖν σῐδήροιν toîn sidḗroin |
τοῖς σῐδήροις toîs sidḗrois | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸν σῐ́δηρον tòn sídēron |
τὼ σῐδήρω tṑ sidḗrō |
τοὺς σῐδήρους toùs sidḗrous | ||||||||||
| Vocative | σῐ́δηρε sídēre |
σῐδήρω sidḗrō |
σῐ́δηροι sídēroi | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | σῐ́δηρος sídēros |
σῐδήρω sidḗrō |
σῐ́δηροι sídēroi | ||||||||||
| Genitive | σῐδήρου / σῐδηροῖο / σῐδήροιο / σῐδηρόο / σῐδήροο sidḗrou / sidēroîo / sidḗroio / sidēróo / sidḗroo |
σῐδήροιῐν sidḗroiin |
σῐδήρων sidḗrōn | ||||||||||
| Dative | σῐδήρῳ sidḗrōi |
σῐδήροιῐν sidḗroiin |
σῐδήροισῐ / σῐδήροισῐν / σῐδήροις sidḗroisi(n) / sidḗrois | ||||||||||
| Accusative | σῐ́δηρον sídēron |
σῐδήρω sidḗrō |
σῐδήρους sidḗrous | ||||||||||
| Vocative | σῐ́δηρε sídēre |
σῐδήρω sidḗrō |
σῐ́δηροι sídēroi | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
- ἀκροσίδηρος (akrosídēros, “pointed or tipped with iron”)
- ἀσίδηρος (asídēros, “not of iron”)
- αὐτοσίδηρος (autosídēros, “of sheer iron”)
- βαρυσίδηρος (barusídēros, “heavy with iron”)
- βραχυσίδηρος (brakhusídēros, “(of a dart) with a short, small head”)
- εὐσίδηρος (eusídēros, “well-ironed”)
- κατασιδηρόω (katasidēróō, “to plate with iron”)
- μακροσίδηρος (makrosídēros)
- ὁλοσίδηρος (holosídēros, “all iron”)
- περισιδηρόομαι (perisidēróomai, “to be cased with iron”)
- περισίδηρος (perisídēros, “cased with iron”)
- σιδηραγωγός (sidēragōgós, “attracting iron”)
- σιδηρεία (sidēreía, “working in iron”)
- σιδηρεῖα (sidēreîa, “iron-works, iron-mines”)
- σιδηρένδετος (sidēréndetos, “iron-banded”)
- σιδηρεόεις (sidēreóeis)
- σιδήρεος (sidḗreos, “made of iron”)
- σιδηρεύς (sidēreús, “worker in iron, smith”)
- σιδηρεύω (sidēreúō, “to work in iron”)
- σιδηρήεις (sidērḗeis)
- σιδηρίζω (sidērízō, “to be like iron”)
- σιδήριον (sidḗrion, “implement”)
- σιδηριουργός (sidēriourgós)
- σιδηρίσκος (sidērískos)
- σιδηρίτης (sidērítēs, “of iron”)
- σιδηρῖτις (sidērîtis, “ironwort”)
- σιδηροβασταγή (sidērobastagḗ, “provision, supply of iron”)
- σιδηρόβαφος (sidēróbaphos, “of ferruginous colour”)
- σιδηροβόλιον (sidērobólion, “anchor”)
- σιδηροβόρος (sidērobóros, “a file”)
- σιδηροβριθής (sidērobrithḗs, “iron-loaded”)
- σιδηροβρώς (sidērobrṓs, “iron-eating”)
- σιδηροδάκτυλος (sidērodáktulos, “iron-fingered”)
- σιδηροδέσμος (sidērodésmos, “with bonds of iron”)
- σιδηροδετέω (sidērodetéō, “to bind in iron”)
- σιδηρόδετος (sidēródetos, “iron-bound”)
- σιδηρόεις (sidēróeis)
- σιδηροθήκη (sidērothḗkē, “armoury”)
- σιδηροθώραξ (sidērothṓrax, “with iron breastplate”)
- σιδηροκατάδικος (sidērokatádikos, “condemned to the iron”)
- σιδηροκμής (sidērokmḗs, “slain by iron”)
- σιδηροκόλεος (sidērokóleos, “iron-sheathed”)
- σιδηροκόντρα (sidērokóntra, “with barbed iron spears”)
- σιδηροκόπος (sidērokópos)
- σιδηρόκωπος (sidērókōpos, “armed with iron”)
- σιδηρομήτωρ (sidēromḗtōr, “mother of iron”)
- σιδηρονόμος (sidēronómos, “distributing with iron”)
- σιδηρόνωτος (sidērónōtos, “iron-backed”)
- σιδηροπέδη (sidēropédē, “iron fetter”)
- σιδηρόπλαστος (sidēróplastos, “moulded of iron”)
- σιδηρόπληκτος (sidēróplēktos, “smitten by iron”)
- σιδηρόπλοκος (sidēróplokos, “plaited of iron”)
- σιδηροπλύτης (sidēroplútēs, “one who washes iron”)
- σιδηροποίκιλος (sidēropoíkilos, “a variegated stone”)
- σιδηρόπους (sidērópous, “iron-footed”)
- σιδηρόπτερος (sidērópteros, “iron-winged”)
- σιδηροπώλης (sidēropṓlēs, “ironmonger”)
- σιδηρόσπαρτος (sidēróspartos, “sown by iron”)
- σιδηροσφαγία (sidērosphagía, “slaying with the sword”)
- σιδηροτέκτων (sidērotéktōn, “worker in iron”)
- σιδηρότευκτος (sidēróteuktos, “wrought of iron”)
- σιδηροτόκος (sidērotókos, “producing iron”)
- σιδηροτομέω (sidērotoméō, “to cut with iron”)
- σιδηρότροχος (sidērótrokhos, “with iron wheels”)
- σιδηροτρύπανον (sidērotrúpanon, “iron borer”)
- σιδηρότρωτος (sidērótrōtos, “wounded with iron”)
- σιδηρουργεῖον (sidērourgeîon, “iron-mine”)
- σιδηρουργία (sidērourgía, “working in iron”)
- σιδηρουργός (sidērourgós, “iron-worker, smith”)
- σιδηροῦς (sidēroûs)
- σιδηροφάγος (sidērophágos, “eating into iron”)
- σιδηροφορέω (sidērophoréō, “to bear iron”)
- σιδηροφόρος (sidērophóros, “producing iron”)
- σιδηρόφρων (sidēróphrōn, “of iron heart”)
- σιδηροφυής (sidērophuḗs, “of iron nature”)
- σιδηροχαλκεύς (sidērokhalkeús, “smith”)
- σιδηρόχαλκος (sidērókhalkos, “of iron and copper”)
- σιδηροχάρμης (sidērokhármēs, “fighting”)
- σιδηροχίτων (sidērokhítōn, “with iron tunic”)
- σιδηρόψυχος (sidērópsukhos, “iron-hearted”)
- σιδηρόω (sidēróō, “to overlay with iron”)
- σιδηρώδης (sidērṓdēs, “of iron”)
- σιδήρωμα (sidḗrōma, “iron fittings”)
- σιδηρωρυχεῖον (sidērōrukheîon, “iron-mine”)
- σιδήρωσις (sidḗrōsis, “iron-work”)
- σιδηρωτός (sidērōtós, “iron-bound”)
- τμητοσίδηρος (tmētosídēros, “cut down with iron”)
- ὑποσίδηρος (huposídēros, “having a mixture or proportion of iron in it”)
- ὑποσιδηρόω (huposidēróō)
- χειροσιδήριον (kheirosidḗrion, “grapnel, grappling hook”)
References
- “σίδηρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “σίδηρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “σίδηρος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- σίδηρος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- σίδηρος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- G4604 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- “σίδηρος”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σῐ́δηρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1329
Greek
Alternative forms
- σίδερο n (sídero) (the everyday name for the metal)
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σίδηρος (sídēros), whence also the vernacular forms Byzantine Greek σίδερον n (síderon) and σίδερο (sídero) (an etymological doublet). See σίδηρος (sídēros) for the ultimately disputed etymology.
Pronunciation
Noun
σίδηρος • (sídiros) m (usually uncountable, plural σίδηροι)
- (chemistry) iron (chemical element)
- (formal) iron: Εποχή του Σιδήρου f (Epochí tou Sidírou, “Iron Age”)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | σίδηρος (sídiros) | σίδηροι (sídiroi) |
| genitive | σίδηρου (sídirou) σιδήρου (sidírou) |
σίδηρων (sídiron) σιδήρων (sidíron) |
| accusative | σίδηρο (sídiro) | σίδηρους (sídirous) σιδήρους (sidírous) |
| vocative | σίδηρε (sídire) | σίδηροι (sídiroi) |
Second forms are formal.
Coordinate terms
Related terms
- see: σίδερο n (sídero, “iron”, everyday term)
- διά πυρός και σιδήρου (diá pyrós kai sidírou, “trial by fire”, literally “through fire and iron”)
- λευκοσίδηρος m (lefkosídiros, “tin-plate”)
- σιδηρι- (sidiri-, “ferrous (in chemistry)”)
- σιδηρο- (sidiro-, “ferric (in chemistry)”)
- σιδηρικυανιούχος (sidirikyanioúchos, “ferrocyanide”, adjective)
- σιδηροκυανιούχος (sidirokyanioúchos, “ferricyanide”, adjective)
- σιδηροβιομηχανία f (sidiroviomichanía, “iron industry”)
- σιδηροδέσμιος (sidirodésmios, “constrained in chains”, adjective)
- σιδηροδημήτριο n (sidirodimítrio, “ferrocerium”)
- σιδηροδοκός f (sidirodokós, “iron beam”)
- σιδηρόδρομος m (sidiródromos, “railway”)
- σιδηρόκραμα n (sidirókrama, “ferroalloy”)
- σιδηρολοστός m (sidirolostós, “iron crowbar”)
- σιδηρομαγγάνιο n (sidiromangánio, “ferromanganese”)
- σιδηρονικέλιο n (sidironikélio, “ferronickel”)
- σιδηροπαγής (sidiropagís, “reinforced with iron bars”, adjective)
- σιδηροπενία f (sidiropenía, “iron deficiency”)
- σιδηροπυρίτης n (sidiropyrítis, “iron pyrite”)
- σιδηροπωλείο n (sidiropoleío, “ironmongery”)
- σιδηροσωλήνας m (sidirosolínas, “iron pipe”)
- σιδηροτροχιά f (sidirotrochiá, “rails of a railroad”)
- σιδηρουργείο n (sidirourgeío, “blacksmithery”)
- σιδηρουργία f (sidirourgía, “ironworking”)
- σιδηρούχος (sidiroúchos, “ferrous (in metallurgy)”, adjective)
- σιδηροχρώμιο n (sidirochrómio, “ferrochromium”)
- χυτοσίδηρος m (chytosídiros, “cast iron”)
Further reading
σίδηρος on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia el- σίδηρος, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής , Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
