чугун

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чугун

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• чугу́нъ (čugún) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

Inherited from Middle Russian чюгунъ (čjugun) (att. no later than 1665), likely a back-formation from чюгунной (čjugunnoj) first appearing in the Pskov 3rd Chronicle in the context of a 1615 siege (even though iron shot was cast in Russia already in late 16th century).

A Turkic borrowing, the most closely fitting are Chuvash чугун (čugun) and Azerbaijani çuqun (“cast iron; iron pot”), but both may be Russian loans. Cf. also Tatar чуен (çuyen), Crimean Tatar çoyun, Ottoman Turkish جويكن (çöygen, “cast iron; teapot”), Kumyk чоюн (çoyun), Southern Altai чӧйгӧн (čöygön, “teapot”), Ukrainian чавун (čavun, “cast iron; iron pot”), Romanian ceaun (“cauldron”).

Mudrak notes that medieval Turkic cognates meant either 'bronze, copper' as with Karakhanid جُوذِن (čoδïn) or 'iron ore', that in Karluk-Yugur, Altay and Teleut they denote metallic vessels, and suggests that it was derived from Middle Chinese 鑄 (t͡ɕɨo^H, “to cast”).

Räsänen notes that common turkic cognates (like to Southern Altai чой (čoy), Kumyk чоюн (çoyun), etc) were from Middle Chinese 鑄 (t͡ɕɨo^H, “to cast”). Given that South Siberian Turkic has -y- (like to Shor шойун (šoyun), Tuvan шой (şoy), Khakas сойын (soyın), etc.), ultimately it was borrowed by 鑄 (t͡ɕɨo^H, “to cast”).

Also, See also Bashkir ҡурғаш (qurğaş), Kyrgyz коргошун (korgoşun), Southern Altai коргожын (korgožïn).

• IPA^(key):

чугу́н • (čugún) m inan (genitive чугуна́, nominative plural чугуны́, genitive plural чугуно́в, relational adjective чугу́нный, diminutive чугуно́к)

1. cast iron

   се́рый чугу́н ― séryj čugún ― gray cast iron

   бе́лый чугу́н ― bélyj čugún ― white cast iron

   переде́льный чугу́н ― peredélʹnyj čugún ― pig iron

   чу́шковый чугу́н ― čúškovyj čugún ― pig iron

   ко́вкий чугу́н ― kóvkij čugún ― malleable iron

2. cooking pot (traditionally made of cast iron)

• чугу́ний (čugúnij)
• чугу́нка (čugúnka)
• чугунолите́йный (čugunolitéjnyj)

• → Armenian: չուգուն (čʻugun)
• → Azerbaijani: çuqun
• → Ingrian: cuguna
• → Persian: چدن (čodan)

• желе́зо (želézo)
• сталь (stalʹ)

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “чугун”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura